Community Counseling Resources Essay - 727 Words

Application: Community Counseling Resources Marriage, Couple and Family Therapy (CPSY - 6356 - 1) In this paper will analyze primary, secondary, and tertiary couple and family interventions provided by community resources. In this paper will provide a community resource that works with issues of domestic violence and the primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions that the resource provides. A further analysis will be provided on any gaps that may exist in the interventions and an explanation of how to address those gaps. . According to (Wolfe, 2011), prevention efforts are generally considered in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention†¦show more content†¦DVIS is a community resource that provides advocacy, counseling to the victim and perpetrator, education, and shelter. (DVIS, 2013) As a primary intervention, DVIS provides education to businesses, community groups, faith-based communities, organizations and schools. (DVIS, 2013) DVIS dedicated a great deal of effort working with local schools as a primary prevention strategies. According to research, schools are an ideal environment to introduce primary prevention programs to a range of children. (Wolfe, 2009) According to (Wolfe, 2009), a significant amount of childrens social learning takes place in schools. In addition to using the schools as a way to initiate primary prevention with youth, DVIS also uses the school environment as secondary prevention. DVIS target at risk youth of violence with the school s etting. (DVIS, 2013) DVIS’s school based program takes youth from high-risk backgrounds through a process of learning about self, issue, and increase the youth’s efforts to affect change around them. (DVIS, 2013) DVIS offers counseling and shelter as a tertiary prevention. DVIS provides individual and group counseling to the victims, families and perpetrators. The program counsels men that are self-referred, court-referred, DHS- referred, and family court referrals for domestic violence assessments. (DVIS, 2013) DVIS offers interactive therapy for children who have witnessed or personally experiencedShow MoreRelatedClient Is A Person For Counseling And Possible Community Resources Referrals1649 Words   |  7 PagesClient is a 55-year-old woman who came in seeking services for counseling and possible community resources referrals. Client has no significant biological history that could explain her feelings of sadness and depression in the past few months. However , client lost her mother in April of this year and has had a hard time coping with this loss. After the death of her mother, her responsibilities of caring for her father increased as well. The client describes symptoms of situational depression, whichRead MoreMy Observation Of A Community Resource At Life Strategies Counseling Services959 Words   |  4 PagesStrategies Couneling Services in Beckley, West Virginia, to gain a better understaning of how the community resource of indvidual therapy and group therapy is experienced from the client’s point of view. I chose to complete my observation of a community resource at Life Strategies Counseling Services due to its many quality online reviews. In addition, when calling the offices of local community resources, the office staff at this location was very friendly and open about the possibility of an interviewRead MoreThe Backbone Of The Health Care System1427 Words   |  6 Pagesand the California community. The county men tal health departments can be found at this agency s web site. The agency s web site is very informative and easy to navigate. DHCS is a California state department staffed by committed and talented staff members who work hard to deliver high-quality care to the residents of the state of California. 2. Antioch University Counseling Center http://www.antiochla.edu/campus-life/au-counseling-center/ The Antioch University Counseling Center is run by AntiochRead MoreThe Role of a Community Counselor1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of a Community Counselor Donte Love Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the role and function of the community counselor. Additionally, the framework of the community counseling model is taken into account, including some of the strategies used in community counseling. The Role of a Community Counselor Community counseling can be defined as â€Å"†¦a comprehensive helping framework that is grounded in multicultural competence and oriented toward social justice (Lewis, LewisRead MoreStudent Success And Support Services Program Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Success and Support Services Program (SSSP) Background The Student Success and Support Program (SSSP) for California community colleges arose as a result of the Senate Bill 1456 with a mission â€Å"to increase California community college student access and success by providing effective core matriculation services, including orientation, assessment and placement, counseling, and other educational planning services, and academic interventions,† or follow-up services for at-risk students (GraillatRead MoreCounseling A Native American Client1075 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling a Native American client will often present a unique set of challenges, especially if the client has a high degree of what Horse refers to as native consciousness (2001, cited by Choudhuri et al., 2012, p. 85) in which he or she is deeply â€Å"anchored in tribal traditions and native language† (p. 85). About 37% of Native people live on over 300 reservations and tribal jurisdictions within the United States. To be prepared to help them, a counselor should know the Native demographics of theRead MoreProfessional Identity Paper1699 Words   |  7 PagesCounselor-in-Training What is professional identity? Is it the philosophies that a professional holds regarding their profession? Is it the roles and characteristics that are required in a listing of their job description? Or is it related to the resources available for a working professional to continually develop their skills within their profession? Professional identity is all of these things. According to Healy and Hays (2010): Professional identity is the result of a developmental process thatRead MoreAgency Review Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesAgency Review on the Family Resource Center Every community mental health and local agency programs provide a needed service in the local community. Each program is important and provides everyone access to crucial mental health treatment and other needed resources. These programs provide services such as access to medication, emergency mental health services and counseling for everyone that do not have the means to pay for these services. Different centers provide specific services that areRead MoreSocial Justice in Conseling860 Words   |  3 PagesSocial justice in counseling represents the process of reaching out to individuals with regard to the fair treatment of all. There are many aspects to consider within the interaction between counselor and client in order to provide the most fairest treatment available. These aspects are derived from the dynamics of the goals and process of the counseling session and constituted by policy and law development. The goals and processes are focused upon embodying individual and family systems and theRead MoreMy Career Path1424 Words   |  6 Pagespursuing my masters in community counseling. Everything that has happened to me was for a reason and has shaped my career path and outlook on life, it has helped me be a better person and to also build my own identity of being a counselor. This paper will be a guide to my career path and how it has progressed throughout my lifespan. In this paper, I will also give examples and situations that I was a part of, to show and guide to my career path of why I chose community counseling. In the past, I have

Huckleberry Finn Realism Essay - 2026 Words

The novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is a highly realistic novel, yes, it is all about realism. The work shows stereotypes, satire, non-romanticized characters, racism and slavery. Stereotypes are applied to almost every characters in the novel, not only Jim, Huck, but also the duke, the king, and other white people. Back then when Minstrel shows were a big influence on society, white people considered them an entertainment, but what they actually did, was to wash out every sense of human being in a black person. Black people were depicted with poor grammar, as lazy and loudmouthed, uneducated people. However, Jim is a very humane picture. The fact that, Jim acts as a father figure more than Pap does. While Pap abuses Huck,†¦show more content†¦Along the way, they meet the duke and the king, two white people. What Twain is doing here, is to contrast these two cons with Jim, a kind and honest man. The duke and king, over and over again, make up stories, fake their identity to cheat on people and take their money. When they try to be the two brothers of a rich man to take all the iherited money: â€Å"Well, when it come to that it worked the crowd like you never see anything like it, and everybody broke down and went to sobbing right out loud -- the poor girls, too; and every woman, nearly, went up to the girls, without saying a word, and kissed them, solemn, on the forehead, and then put their hand on their head, and looked up towards the sky, with the tears running down, and then busted out and went off sobbing and swabbing, and give the next woman a show. I never see anything so disgusting.† (Twain 178). Why was it so disgusting to Huck? The true nature of these two white men, the duke and the king, proves that the stereotypes of racism was completely wrong. There are white people who do not have morality like Jim does. The contrast was too large, to be compared, Jim shall be loved and valued more than the two frauds. Whil e the Victorian women complaint about Huck’s behaviors, considering himShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Realism in Huckleberry Finn Essay examples1850 Words   |  8 PagesThe novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a complex and witty commentary on the social and moral injustices that existed during the time it was written. Although apparently intended for children, the novel introduces and explores problems like racism, sexuality, and the ability to face challenging moral dilemmas. Mark Twain tells the story of a young boy who aids an escaped slave down the Mississippi River and his moral development throughout and because of this journey. He tells the story inRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJhonatan Zambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of theRead More Huckleberry Finn Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pages River of Life and Realism in Huck Finn nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses the river to symbolize life and the adventures of Huck to show the realism in the novel. These two elements are shown throughout the book in many different ways. Sometimes one would have to really sit down and think about all the symbolism in this classic novel. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;T. S. Eliot stated, amp;#8220;We come to understand the River by seeingRead MoreLiterature and Social Reality1340 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss and analyze the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shape literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I will explain how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period, how immigration and industrialization contributed to the influences. I will illustrate using examples from some of the greatest authors of the period. Immigration and Industrialization TheRead More The Final Episode of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3016 Words   |  13 PagesThe Great Importance of the Final Episode of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the things many critics of Huckleberry Finn   just cant seem to understand is the final episode of the novel where Tom returns and sidetracks Huck from his rescue of Jim through a long series of silly, boyish plans based on ideas Tom has picked up from Romantic novels, such as those of Walter Scott.   Critic Stephen Railton dismisses these final chapters as just another version of their RoyalRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1058 Words   |  5 PagesHuckleberry Finn is an american literature written by Mark Twain which has been debated on whether or not it should be banned. Huck Finn displays multiple displays of racism, slavery, and graphic situation which cause friction among critics. Which bring us to many situations of critics to come to our conclusion. For instance one critic wrote,  ¨Jim is at the mercy of white characters in the novel, most of which are morally inferior to him. Jim must follow Huck s schemes and adventures, such asRead MoreChanging Views And The Changing Blues1657 Words   |  7 Pages Cameron- 4th Hour Honors American Literature 9 January 2015 The Changing Views and The Changing Blues Mark Twain himself had this to say about his novel: Huckleberry Finn is a book of mine about a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience that come into conflict...and conscience suffers defeat.† In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his view of society starts out as naà ¯ve and childish, but as he experiences life on the Mississippi, he grows into a man with a realistic standpoint of whatRead MoreBiography of Mark Twain Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Mark Twain Twain, Mark, pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire. Twains writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression. Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on the Mississippi River, when he was four years old. There he receivedRead More Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Escape From an Oppressive Society6239 Words   |  25 PagesHuckleberry Finn - Escape From a Cruel and Oppressive Society America... land of the free and home of the brave; the utopian society which every European citizen desired to be a part of in the 18th and 19th centuries. The revolutionary ideas of The Age of Enlightenment such as democracy and universal male suffrage were finally becoming a reality to the philosophers and scholars that so elegantly dreamt of them. America was a playground for the ideas of these enlightened men. To EuropeansRead MoreSilvia Parra Dela Longa. Professor: Leslie Richardson.1404 Words   |  6 Pagesin The Iceberg Theory of his own, composed by compact or extensive sentences, verbs instead adverbs, repetition of words, uncomplicated vocabulary, and the â€Å"read between the lines† technique; second, thematic proposal, Hemingway discovered in Huckleberry Finn an important roll model for the American hero, which he adopted as main thematic subject in his novels; and finally, Papa Hemingway lifestyle proposal, which have been imitated by his descendants writers . The ground of Hemingway’s writing

Appearance vs. Reality, Hamlet free essay sample

In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the main theme of the play is appearance versus reality. The characters within the play appear to be sincere and honourable when in reality they are corrupt and immoral. Many of the characters within the play illustrate this concept. When looking at them from behind a mask they give the impression of a person who is genuine and honest, but in reality they are plagued with lies and despicable behaviour. Four of the main characters that attempt to deceive Hamlet by hiding behind this mask are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and King Claudius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who are not as they appear. They are asked by the King and Gertrude to spy on Hamlet in order to find the reason behind Gertrude’s â€Å"too much changed son† (II. ii. 36). They give the appearance of being Hamlet’s friend, yet in reality, the pair only came to Elsinore because they were summoned. Surprised by his friends’ unexplained arrival, Hamlet questions what has brought them there. Rosencrantz lies when responding â€Å"To visit you my lord, no other occasion† (II. i. 266). Hamlet instantly sees through their lies and insists â€Å"you were sent for, and there / is a kind of confession in your looks†¦I know the good king and / queen have sent for you† (II. ii. 273-276). Knowing that his so-called friends are lying about the purpose of their visit, Hamlet discloses nothing to them. Having gotten no answers for the King, the two were asked to go to Hamlet once more and continue to seek the real reason for Hamlet’s behaviour. Hamlet has little patience since being lied to and reveals to the pair that he is aware that they are spies and saying to them: [Y]ou would play upon me, you would seem to know my stops, you would pluck out the heart of my mystery, .. Call me what Instrument you will, though you can fret me, you cannot play upon me. † (III. iii. 343-350) Although appearing to be Hamlet’s friends, he quickly sees that in actuality, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are only trying to pry him for information. The King’s royal associate, Polonius, plays an important role in developing the theme. He’s constantly keeping up the facade of a concerned and caring individual. Polonius appears to be a good father, and honourable man. Upon learning that his son is going to France, he gives several pieces of advice to Laertes, in particular â€Å"This above all, to thine own self be true† (II. iii. 78). He gives advice in order to appear to be a caring father, when in fact he speaks in order to look good rather than to actually be good. Polonius then sends Reynaldo to bring Laertes money but instructs that â€Å"Before you visit him, to make inquire / Of his behaviour† (II. i. 4-5), and then advises him how to be sneaky about it. Throughout the play Polonius conspires with the King on ways to eavesdrop on Hamlet. When Hamlet is going to speak with his mother, Polonius suggests â€Å"Behind the arras I’ll convey myself / To hear the process† (III. iii. 28-29). Polonius acts as if his actions are for the king, when in fact it will benefit him greatly if the reason behind Hamlet’s strange behaviour is because of his love for Ophelia. Polonius also humiliates his daughter Ophelia by forcing her to read love letters from Hamlet aloud to the King and Gertrude. He tells Ophelia that it’s in her own best interest not to keep this secret. His words are those of a loving father, but his actions are quite different. Even though Polonius pretends to be moral and a loving parent, the reality is that he is a devious manipulator. Claudius, the current King of Denmark is the epitome of corruption and immorality although he presents himself to be the rightful king. King Claudius reveals his true maliciousness several times. Claudius only becomes King of Denmark after murdering his brother and marrying his sister-in-law Gertrude in an incestuous marriage. When speaking of his brothers’ death, he justifies the speedy marriage to Gertrude while appearing to have the kingdom’s best interest at heart when explaining â€Å"That we with wisest sorrow think on him / Together with remembrance of ourselves† (I. ii. 6-7). In actuality, Claudius acts out of greed to become king and out of lust for Gertrude. Claudius demeans Hamlet several times throughout the play. While Hamlet is grieving his father’s death, the heartless king requests â€Å"We pray you throw to earth / This unprevailing woe† (I. ii. 106-107), showing his deplorable behaviour by referring to Hamlet’s grief as useless. King Claudius shows his true maliciousness during his final act of manipulation. The king appeals to Laertes guilt and convinces him to kill Hamlet to avenge his father’s death by â€Å"A sword unbated, and in pass of practice / Requite him for your father† (IV. vii. 137-138). King Claudius’s selfish and despicable behaviour leads to the death of all those he had pretended to care for at one point or another: Gertrude, Hamlet, and Laertes. This final act of vengeance brings about the beginning of the end for the entire royal family. While proving that appearances can be deceiving, the characters help to develop the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. While Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and King Claudius all appear to be virtuous and honest people, the reality is that they are continually scheming and plotting against Hamlet. Although appearing to be respectable, each of them is actually tainted by evil and corruption. Unfortunately, Hamlet finds out the hard way that each of them have their own hidden agendas, and corruption spreads like disease throughout the state of Denmark.

The Mistreatment of Slaves free essay sample

In no way shape or form can agree with those that believe slavery was justified or with those that say slavery never existed. Facts have proven these hypotheses otherwise. Also cannot agree with those that believe that slaves were treated fairly. Information passed down through generations as well as concrete written evidence proves the mistreatment of slaves for many reasons. They range from the fact of slaves across the world not being considered a whole person (3/5 of a person to be exact), them being the property of their owner, some even say that slaves were uncivilized and served to be treated as such.The list goes on and on with reasons and ways slaves were mistreated. Will attempt to cover a great deal of them but cannot truly grasp slavery true form due to biases Of authors and an attempt from other authors to cover up the wrong doing on slaves of African descent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mistreatment of Slaves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nature of the way slaves were captured as well as their journey to their slave land predicted their future treatment. From the many sources Eve come across, they all seem to mention how slaves were captured. Whether it be Europeans or French capturers, upon landing in Africa, slaves were taken room their homeland regardless of gender or social position in their tribe.Men were captured more often women. Men could be used for more physical labor and women for physical labor but more housework. In no way am I stating that women did not work as hard as men during slavery. Children were also captured for labor. Some infants were abandoned by their slave parents. They were left to die or to be taken into a family by somebody who passed by. The parents did this because they were not able to take care of the baby. If they did keep the baby, the masters wife would raise it.Parents did to want their children to go through the harsh conditions of slavery. It went from capturing them on the main land to mistreatment on the slave ship. Slaves were squashed into wooden crates where they were then clamped in chains. They were then loaded onto the ships in which there were two ways they could be loaded. There was the tight pack- where they would be laid on their sides like sardines, therefore you cold fit more slaves on a ship and then there was the loss pack where they were allowed to lay on their backs with just 14 inches of space each. Either way no one was particularly comfortable specially because they were laid on rough wooden shelves and clamped together so no one could move without moving the rest of their row with them. The conditions below the deck were very unhealthy. During the 4-7 week journey, the ships may have been cleaned once every few weeks. Most of the time this took place while the slaves were exercised. Below deck the place reeked of urine, vomit, sweat, feces, and was described as a bile puking smell. The excruciating heat made these conditions no better. Many of the slaves got very sick. They either got sick from being so close to other sick laves, lying on their own excretions or from untreated wounds. Friction burns and sores were very common from the rough wooden shelves and the whip. Though the whip was not used very often, when used they left nasty bruises and open flesh wounds. They quickly became infected due to the lack of medical treatment and hygiene. Slave capturers took no proper care of their slaves. A great number of them never made it off the slave ship because of death but, the fact that there were so many of them and capturers saw them as replaceable property didnt help the situation.The actual auctioning off of the slaves was a very demeaning and excruciating process. When the slaves reached their final destination whether it be North America, South America, or another place, they were auctioned off as property. Exhibited in a public space, slaves were examined for their health and physical strength. More muscular, taller male slaves went for a higher price than women and children Prospective slave owners tried to get slaves at a discount and others paid a hefty price after negotiating with capturers.The 1998 film Down in the Delta, is a prime example of the believed value Of slaves during that time. A particular scene showed where two brothers were both sold into slavery. One was sold for money and the other for a mere candlestick. Families were knowingly torn apart due to the lack of sympathy of slave capturers and owners. It was also due to the fact that families or friends would form alliances and revolt and no one wanted that. This leads me to many other reasons why slaves were mistreated.Primarily slaves were mistreated because their captors believed they werent a whole person. Slaves were considered to be 3/5 of a person. Others considered them to be property. Thus they were traded, handled and sold as such with no regard to the slaves feelings, hygiene, physical needs or references. Slave owners feared that slaves would revolt if they had any freedom. Most plantation slave owners did not allow their slaves to be educated. They believed that if they read or write or knew how to communicate effectively with each other, they could plan revolt or an escape.Slave owners also believed that slaves didnt need to be educated. Their only use was physical labor which required no education, just a small amount of instruction in dangerous fields. Later in my paper I will discuss why some slave owners invested in education and training of their more profitable slaves. The life of a slave was very hard and is probably very difficult to imagine now. Whole families would be taken from their homes in Africa and moved into dreadful cramped, harsh conditions on a slave ship. Many slaves died during their journey to their new home. The people would then be sold as slaves and separated from their families. They became property just as you would own a bicycle or car. They had no rights at all. This meant that they had n right to say who they wanted their master to be, where they wanted to live, their length of enslavement and how long they toiled in the dreadfully hot sun or as much as 18 hours a day doing the work for their master. Being a slave meant many things. You were no longer allowed t make decisions for yourself. You did everything on your slave masters time.A slave may have had to change their name to that of their owner. They had no regular diet, poor working conditions, no medical care, which resulted in the average slave only living fro seven years. Their homes were shacks built from whatever leftover material the master may have had. They slept on the cold soil often with no blankets to cover themselves. Their children if they had NY lacked the supplies they needed to survive and often died from starvation or sickness. This is the reason why many slave parents left their infants in their homelands. They would rather abandon them than have them live a life of slavery. Slavery was a very dangerous institution. Sugar planting, harvesting, and processing is tiring, hot, dangerous work and requires a large number of workers whose work habits must be intensely coordinated and controlled. Slaves sustained many injures while working the fields. Their lack Of knowledge Of using equipment if there was any and the equipment itself as dangerous. Cotton plants had many sharp parts that would prick or cut parts of the body and slaves still worked throughout the day with these injuries.From the very beginning of sugar cultivation in the New World, there were not enough European settlers to satisfy the labor requirements for profitable sugar plantations. Native Americans were enslaved to work on the earliest sugar plantations, especially in Brazil. Those who could, escaped from the fields, but many more died due to European diseases, such as smallpox and scarlet fever, and the harsh working conditions on the sugar plantations. A Catholic priest named Barstool De lass Cases asked King Ferdinand of Spain to protect the Taint Indians of the Caribbean by importing African slaves instead. O, around 1505, enslaved Africans were first brought to the New World. For the next three and a half centuries, slaves of African origin provided most of the labor for the sugar industry in the Americas. A healthy, adult slave was expected to be able to plow, plant, and harvest five acres of sugar. Sugar planting was back-breaking work. Lines of slaves, men, women and children, moved across the fields, row by row, hand-planting thousands f seed-cane stems. Between 5,000 and 8,000 pieces had to be planted to produce one acre of sugar cane. Workdays in the fields typically lasted from 6 a. . To 6 p. M. With a noon-time break of perhaps two hours. During harvest, field slaves worked even longer hours, especially in Louisiana where workers raced against the weather to collect the harvest before the first frost and attacks by insects. Mature sugar canes exterior skin is so hard that workers had to cut through the stem with cutlasses or machetes. They also had to Stoop to cut the cane at ground level because the most sugary section of the Anne is the lower stem. Harvesting cane was as backbreaking work as planting cane, and cuts from the sharp tools were common.Once the cane stalk was cut, slaves stripped any remaining leaves and stacked the cane. It then would be tied into bundles and loaded onto donkeys, wagons, or two-wheeled carts to be carried to the sugar mill. Throughout their work, overseers with whips supervised the field slaves. Once the harvest began, it was essential to process the cane immediately. Slaves ran the sugar mills, feeding the stalks between giant rollers. Up to a dozen boys and men typically worked around he clock to process sugar, working with the stench of rotting cane in intense heat.As machinery grew more complex, with conveyor belts, Irelesss sugar processing evaporator and centrifuges, the slaves working the sugar houses became increasingly skilled mechanics. Yet, it was not unusual for slaves to be injured or crushed when trapped and pulled into the rollers as they fed stalks into the mill or tried to untangle stalks from flywheels and gears. Slaves also boiled the cane juice, ladling scum from the surface of the scalding liquid and then transferring it from kettle to kettle, reducing the syrup to crystals.Slaves routinely suffered burns during this process, often referred to as the Jamaica Train, and the heat in the sugar houses was so intense that slaves were rotated Out after four h ours, their limbs swollen from the heat and humidity. Once the crystals formed, there was still heavy labor ahead. The harder the solid cakes of sugar were, the better the sugar quality, but the pieces had to broken up with shovels, picks and crowbars. Finally, sugar was shoveled into hogsheads (wooden barrels) and packed solidly before the barrel holes were plugged with a piece of sugarcane.The sugarcane plug helped to siphon out he remaining molasses from the sugar in the hogshead; the molasses dripped onto a floor angled so it would drain into a trough or cistern. Then, the slaves would scoop molasses into barrels by hand. By the sass, the expected yield from each slaves labor was five hogsheads of sugar and 250 gallons of molasses. During harvest, slaves worked day and night, especially in the mills and guardhouse, so that there would be no bottlenecks in production. Shifts lasted up to 18 hours. Sugar production paused only as slaves cleaned out fireboxes or other equipment.Although some planters revived extra food and drink during the harvest and others encouraged competitions to boost production, sugar production was the result of coercion. Slaves in the sugar fields and mills were controlled by both the threat and use of deadly force. Punishment of slaves was very harsh and frequent. Slaves were punished physically most of the time. They were beaten with objects, whipped, and publicly humiliated in front of other slaves to make an example of them. Slave masters also tried to break the spirit of the proud slaves. They demeaned them and wanted to make them feel as they were worthless.Reasons why they were punished included talking back to a slave master, doing what they wanted instead of what they were told, requesting where they wanted to live and who they wanted to live with. In many cases slaves were publicly punished as a form of entertainment to the people of the town. The life of a slave was not an easy one. Some slaves committed suicide during their time to avoid the tortures of their slave masters. Treatment of slaves also largely relied on where the slavery took place. Slavery took place in many settings but will focus on the difference between urban and plantation slavery.According to Herbert S. Klein, urban slavery was a less restrictive institution than slavery on the plantation. Many urban slave owners invested training and education in their slaves so they would be more productive in their owners businesses. Other slave owners rented out their skilled slaves as professional cooks musicians and other jobs to gain additional money. In this type of arrangement, the slaves would hand over his earnings to his owner even though he might not be living with the owner. For urban slaves, the city provided contact with freemen, other urban slaves, and clubs for recreation. There was plenty of opportunity to escape ND plan revolts. They could blend in very easily with free men, freed slaves, former slaves who purchased their freedom, and slaves living away from their master. Plantation slavery left no room for any of this. Most plantation slaves never left the plantation and those who did were with their master. The Treatment of Negro Slaves in the Brazilian Empire , an excerpt from The Journal of Negro History by Mary Wilhelmina Williams exhibits many of the unjust treatment slaves received particularly in Brazil.The text first provides a historical context of Brazil. It states that the number of Negro slaves in Brazil robbery reached its maximum between 1850 and 1860, estimating that there were a little less than three million Negro slaves in Brazil at the time. Williams like Klein expresses that city slaves had an easier life than those in the country, but no Negroes worked harder than the slaves at ROI, Bah, and other ports. Many of them were owned by clerks who wanted to profit from slave labor. They opposed purchasing wagons and other labor-saving machinery.The few wagons that were seen on the street were usually pulled by slaves. Pulling a wagon required slaves to rest a pole on their shoulders. In there cases, when carrying a sack of coffee weighing one hundred and sixty pounds, slaves had to carry the sack on their head. Carrying such heavy things ruptured the slaves, crippled their legs and damaged many other parts of their body. The text goes on to explain that depending on what part of Africa the Negro slaves came from, the natives were less likely or more likely to adapt to the compulsory labor upon their arrival in Brazil.For example, the natives of Angola and the Congo, in consequence of some familiarity with servitude at home were more likely to adapt to the new conditions in Brazil in imprison to the Gibbons, Mosquitoes, and the Minas from Benign. An excerpt from an article by Jakarta Seventies describes the harsh life of a slave L saw many horrors in the way of punishment under slavery. That was why didnt like the life. The stocks, which were in the boiler house, were the cruelest. Some were for standing, other were for lying down. They were made of thick planks with holes for the head, hands and feet.They would keep slaves fastened up like this for two to three months for some trivial offence. They whipped the pregnant woman too. But lying face down with a hollow in the ground. For their bellies they whipped them hard but took care not to hurt their babies because they wanted as many as possible. The most common punishment was flogging: this was given by the overseer with the rawhide lash which made Wales on the skin. They also had whips made of the fibers of some jungle plants which stung like the devil and flayed the skin off in strips. I saw many handsome Negroes with raw backs.Afterward the cuts were covered with compresses of tobacco leaves, urine and salt. (Supervision From prior knowledge also know that treatment of slaves differed largely depending on which country the slaves were in. In western Colombia ( Choc, Marino, and Caucus) slaves worked on extracting gold deposits from gold mines and extracting sugar cane from the sugar cane plantations. In eastern Colombia (Bevel or Sorrow) the slaves labor was concentrated on textiles in commercial mills. Africans were digging in emerald mines, growing and extracting tobacco, and cotton, artisan work and other domestic work.The Africans in Colombia were Very strong willed though they were stripped of their freedom and had no rights. They began to fight for their freedom upon arrival in Columbia. Some Africans managed to escape their catcher. Slaves that escaped their catcher would flee to a Applique as a safe haven. Paleness are entire towns where escaped slaves found refuge. The slaves who made it to these towns were known as commissioners. Choc was considered by historians to be a Applique.. Some coronaries fought for their freedom when their oppressors came looking for them. Others either ran away else argot caught and were sent back to their master.In 1805, Colombia and went to war with Spain with Simon Bolivar as their leader to gain their independence. Africans from all the countries involved joined in this fight for freedom. A historian noted that every three out Of five oldies were African. Africans participated in all levels of military and political office. The war ended 14 years later in 1819, with the Latin American countries being victorious and gaining their independence. But although Colombia received their independence in 1 819, the abolition of slavery did not occur until 1 851. All the Afro-Colombians were finally free but , their life was still very difficult.They were forced to live in jungle areas as a mechanism of self-protection. In these jungles they learned how to have a harmonious relationship with the jungle environment and shared the ideology of estimate or miscegenation. Slaves in Venezuela were in high demand during the times of slavery in Latin America. The Slaves were used to crop cocoa, a bean that is used to make chocolate, and is the main export of Venezuela. The slaves were referred to as unit s Of commerce, and they were known as pizza De India. This name given to them was a compliment to their great physical strength and their ability to keep working hard.These slaves also worked in places such as copper mines, pearl divers and fishers. These slaves resisted, but unlike most countries, the escape rates of the slaves were high as well. At one point in time, the slavery escape rate was which meant that one in every two to three slaves escaped from their masters. Comparisons in Venezuelan had much to do with this high escape rate. They helped the slaves in these Venezuelan towns. They would raid the towns plantations and assist the slaves in escaping. They would also partake trading for slaves, and once the slave was traded he would no longer be a slave.Ecuador was one of the better places for slaves to be taken to. Ecuador was not a country known to depend highly on slaves. They actually represented a small amount of the labor force. Ecuador had laws that protected slaves from being mistreated. Slaves were also given the rights to sacraments, including marriage, and thereby a right to conjugal life (Vida marriageable). Civil law provided slaves with the right to denounce cruel masters before local courts for gross mistreatment (services). Once a cruel master was denounced, officials launched an investigation in order to evaluate the merits of the claimMasters found guilty of gross mistreatment usually suffered the penalty of having their slaves confiscated and sold to a new owner presumed to be more benevolent. ( De La Tore ; Stiffer 54) Slavery was abolished in 1821 , but it did not eventually end till 1881, 60 years later. Now that weve covered the difference in treatment of slaves across a few Latin American countries, we can discover another major reason saves were treated unfairly There is a vast difference between being treated because you are a slave and being treat unfairly because of your appearance.During slavery, light-skinned African-Americans were perceived as intelligent, cooperative, and beautiful. They were more likely to work as house slaves. Light-skinned Blacks were also given preferential treatment by plantation owners and their henchmen. For example, they had a chance to get an education. Dark African Americans worked in the fields and did not get an education. Light skinned slaves being seen as better than the dark skinned slaves could be viewed as negative though. Slave owners often raped their house slaves for many reasons.The sole reason being exerting power over the oppressed. It s also disputed that slave owners received more pleasure from sexual relations with their because of their bodies. Though many slave owners publicly expressed a disgust of the body of a woman of African descent, many secretly favored their body. Sandra Barman currently known s the 1 SST video vixen was a slave who was publicly ridiculed for her large breast ad wide hips. Ive made the inference that since people found it amusing to touch her expose her, slave owners or sellers may have secretly liked her appearance.It may be in part to the fact that many slave owners and slave had sexual relations for the sole reason of reproduction so they enjoyed sex with their slaves. It also could be that slave owners had sex with their slaves to produce more slaves to work their fields in the future. Pertaining to the different treatment of dark skinned and lighter skinned slaves, C. L. R. James The Black Jacobin, depicts that non slaves that were light often joined with their colonizers to capture slaves that ran away and punish others.The fact that the French colonizers were of a lighter complexion sheds light on the fact that lighter slaves were treated better than darker slaves even though they were slaves. House slaves, which were usually the lighter ones, traveled with the slave masters and were more presentable to visitors than the darker slaves. After the abolition of slavery in every country, the life of the slave was still difficult. Some slaves blended it to their new culture, like he colonial black in panama, who was able to share the culture with the other Panamanian.But for slaves like the canal black in panama, mixing with this culture was impossible. They could barely speak the language that was taught to them by the Europeans, and could not speak the language of the local cultural peoples of South America. Africans like these were seemingly stuck in a hole. They had no culture to return to, they had forgotten their African ways once they became slaves. They could not immigrate to the local culture and the culture they already knew, The European culture, the people refused to help them. They actually tried to bring them down even further. It is considered miraculous in some cases that the African race was able to survive till this very day, considering the circumstances given to them. In conclusion, it is evident that slaves were vastly mistreated. Williams, James and many other sources have provided us with the evident needed to refute the notion that slaves were treated fairly as well as the unjustified reasons slaves were treated as such. It is truly unorthodox and inhumane for humans to treat other humans in such a way they would not like to be treated.Modern day individuals need to realize that many of the discriminatory things we partake in consciously or unconsciously can be traced back to slave days. Though we may not truly understand what a slave went through, we can understand that slaves were not treated as the whole humans they were.

Atomic Mass and Mass Number Chemistry Review

Atomic Mass and Mass Number Chemistry Review Atomic mass and atomic mass number are two important concepts in chemistry. Heres a quick review of what is meant by atomic mass and atomic mass number, as well as how actual particle mass relates to atomic number. Atomic Definitions Z is used to signify the atomic number or proton number of an atomZ # of protons of an atomA is used to signify the atomic mass number (also known as atomic mass or atomic weight) of an atomA # protons # neutronsA and Z are integer valuesWhen the actual mass of an atom is expressed in amu (atomic mass units) or g/mol then the value is close to A Are Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number the Same? Yes and no. If you are talking about a sample of a single isotope of an element, the atomic mass number and the atomic mass are either very close or else the same. In introductory chemistry, its probably fine to consider them to mean the same thing. However, there are two cases in which the sum of the protons and neutrons (atomic mass number) is not quite the same as the atomic mass! In the periodic table, the atomic mass listed for an element reflects the natural abundance of the element. The atomic mass number of the isotope of hydrogen called protium is 1, while the atomic mass number of the isotope called deuterium is 2, yet the atomic mass is listed as 1.008. This is because natural elements are a mixture of isotopes. The other difference between the sum of protons and neutrons and the atomic mass is due to mass defect. In a mass defect, some of the mass of the protons and neutrons is lost when they bind together to form an atomic nucleus. In a mass defect, the atomic mass is lower than the atomic mass number. Source Jensen, William B. (2005). The Origins of the Symbols A and Z for Atomic Weight and Number. J. Chem. Educ. 82: 1764.

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay but it helps the reader learn from the character ( s ) . It takes a batch of bravery to let go of the familiar and apparently procure, to encompass the new. But there is no existent security in what is no longer meaningful. There is more security in the adventuresome and exciting, for in motion there is life, and in alteration there is power ( Alan Cohen ) . This quotation mark relates to this in a manner that it is stating that people should larn to accommodate to alter. Cisneros was demoing this throughout the whole book in Esperanza s life because she showed how Esperanza went through this but in different ways. This quotation mark besides symbolizes this because of how Esperanza changed friends because she taught that Sally understood her more than her two friends she had earlier. This is because she was acquiring used to the thought she truly had friends, but she seemingly got tired of them in her ain small manner. Thi s friendly relationship did non last long because she taught she had the perfect friend, but it turned out to be a bad relation between the two. One ground for this was because they were likewise, but Esperanza still was non certain who she was. Cisneros besides showed civilization in this novel. She did this to place the sort of people that lived on Mango Street since it was a portion where there were racial segregations. She largely focused on the Mexican portion of Esperanza. She showed civilization through the names of the characters. Through the names, Cisneros shows what Esperanza believes in, which is a good manner to convey out her civilization to specify herself. The Eskimos got 30 names for snow, I say ( Cisneros, 35 ) , which identifies that the more names a individual has or is giving, the more of import he/she is to that individual, which is the household. The names were truly of import to depict Esperanza s character because at the get downing she talked about the significances of her name, and she said that she was traveling to alter her name. Name callings represented who the individual was and because of this, Esperanza wanted to alter her name. Cisneros used this to clear up how Esperanza wanted to specif y herself as. She showed that Esperanza was still calculating out who she was traveling to be in the terminal. Another manner Esperanza was able to stand out was with the places. She loved places and to her they represented womenhood because it made her think of sex and her hunt for independency. The writer showed how Esperanza wanted to be free since they moved to their new place. Independence was what kept her in Mango Street because she wanted to larn from her experiences she had in Mango Street and turn them to her advantage until she is able to eventually travel her ain manner. For illustration, as she was turning up in Mango Street, Cisneros showed that she began believing different about many things. Esperanza non merely grew mentally but physically excessively. This led to her believing about male childs and many other things. Cisneros used this to place how all her experiences led her to happen herself. It made a way for Esperanza to follow on her manner to independence. Ci sneros besides showed how people change as they grow up. For illustration, when Esperanza started to speak to Sally, she wanted to be her friend because Sally understood her better than her two friends. This was besides because Sally had sexual experience that Esperanza hardly started to happen out approximately. Cisneros described every procedure a adolescent takes when turning up so the reader can understand how difficult it is to happen one s true ego. This was able to demo that every teenage miss has adversities when turning up specially in a vicinity like in Mango Street. At the terminal of the novel Cisneros showed how Esperanza was get downing to happen herself. I like to state narratives. I tell them inside my caput. I tell them after the postman says, Here s your mail. Here s your mail he said. I like to state narratives. I am traveling to state you a narrative about a miss who did nt desire to belong ( Cisneros, 109 ) . This is where she found who she truly was and what was her intent in life. This quotation mark explains how towards the terminal to the book Esperanza eventually began to calculate out herself. Cisneros did this in a manner that was sort of a verse form towards the terminal to stress it because it was the most of import portion of the book. It was a immense displacement because of how much Esperanza matured throughout the whole novel. By Esperanza being able to eventually place herself as a narrative Teller, Cisneros was able to stop the narrative by stating, Where did she travel with all those books and paper? Why did she proc ess so far off? They will non cognize I have gone off to come back. For the 1s who can non out ( Cisneros, 110 ) , which describes how Cisneros wanted the reader to cognize that it was clip for Esperanza to go forth Mango Street and be who she was meant to be. In the quotation mark it besides shows how Esperanza still used fragments in her sentences. Cisneros did this to demo that she still had some maturing to make before go forthing. This is why she stayed after so she can complete her school because she was non ready to go forth Mango, but when she felt strong and ready to go forth ; she was traveling to make it. Because of this, Esperanza was able to demo her true strength by remaining in Mango Street until she was to the full grown in Mango Street. Cisneros besides showed how her go forthing Mango Street was traveling to alter her whole vicinity specially does who doubted her because she was traveling to be a author to show what she neer did in her whole life. We do non turn perfectly, chronologically. We grow sometimes in one dimension, and non in another ; unevenly. We grow partly. We are comparative. We are mature in one kingdom, childish in another. The past, present, and future mingle and draw us rearward, frontward, or repair us in the present. We are made up of beds, cells, configurations ( Anais Nin ) . This quotation mark stated by Nin establishes how Esperanza grew throughout the whole book. It shows how her growing was small by small as she was sing different material. Cisneros was able to demo this through her authorship manner and imagination. She was able to set up a connexion between her and the character in a manner that she made the character happen her true ego by composing. Cisneros was reasonably close to Esperanza make to the fact that they both write to show themselves in a manner that entertain people. Cisneros alone composing led to make and astonishing character to demo how a adolescent miss larn how to place her true ego and make her maximal possible through storytelling and composing. Cisneros was able to portray different subjects to learn the reader how one can larn to accommodate to whatever alteration they are traveling through. Her composing gave the narrative the perfect significance for us the readers to to the full understand her astonishing work.

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous - Essay Example Although a lot of people do not acknowledge philosophy, it is essential that some advantages are outlined. The research provides a number of reasons why philosophy is still an important area of study and evaluation in the current life. It is identified that a lot of ideas in today’s world are all associated with philosophy. For example, the language spoken has been identified as the disparity between actions and things, an idea proving that language is associated with philosophy. The research contrasts the given advantages by providing information on the dangers of associating with philosophers. Among the many dangers described, the essay provides clear ways explaining how philosophy is a dangerous method of acquiring information. In a quench to widen their scope of understanding statements, philosophers end up settling on the wrong meanings of the given statements. The research shows prove from two philosophers who proved that one prove in a philosophers world leads to a different finding. The essay provides information that shows how philosophy posses’ danger to everyone including children. Young philosophers are faced with different challenges that are elaborated in depth in the paper. Ragnar says that these challenges include the ability to identify the truth in philosophical statements yet according to philosophers, every statement is true. This does not only involve children because the research shows how philosophy becomes dangerous to the young people. In the quest to seek for knowledge, Young people end up getting caught up in expound able ideas of philosophy. Isn’t it strange how philosophy is far more dangerous than walking on all known slippery rocks? Probably, it would be better to ask why too much thinking causes immense intellectual strain, a basis for various philosophers going bonkers. Many of studies done in colleges are meant to educate people regarding a certain subject in all available details.

Psp go Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Psp go - Essay Example According to Joseph Schumpeter (Schumpeter), an entrepreneur may innovate in the form of new products, new production methods, new markets or new forms of organization. However, entrepreneurship does not just involve owning a small business. Firstly, there has to be some innovation. Secondly, entrepreneurs take much bigger risk and the gains are much higher. However, not all entrepreneurial ventures may be successful. The success of the business or idea depends on a number of factors. A lot of people have researched on different entrepreneurial setups and have looked into what makes an entrepreneur successful. In this research paper we shall analyze the process of entrepreneurship from different angles and identify the key factors which relate to the success or failure of the entrepreneurial venture. The organization that we have selected for this project is Sony (SCEI). This is because Sony is quite famous for its innovative products and technologies. Over the years Sony has releases some of the breathtaking inventions of today and is considered to be a pioneer in developing new ideas. Sony is also famous for its entrepreneurial culture and environment which supports innovation within the organization. Further, the product that we have selected is their PSP Go, which is a unique handheld gaming console for kids and adults. Sony’s Game business venture is made up of game software and consoles offered by the Sony Computer Entertainment Incorporation (SCEI).The current global digital lifestyle has lead to the innovation and evolution of portable digital games to match. Based on Sony’s Corporation five year strategy, (Sony’s Annual Report 2009, p.23), Sony Computer Entertainment unveiled PSP- GO (Play Station Portable go) in Tokyo on June 3rd 2009 which was made available in stores as from 1st October 2009.PSP go is a new evolution of handheld digital entertainment system, uniquely

Information Security Small Businesses Research Paper

Information Security Small Businesses - Research Paper Example Therefore, the protection of information and data should be prioritized as one of the foremost steps in every organization, whether small or large. Identity theft and credit card frauds are aggravating crimes that are witnessed due to criminal acts of data thefts. Organizations around the world tend to suffer such thefts that jeopardize their reputation, and often face lawsuits from their clients. One such incident was witnessed last year with Sony PlayStation when their PlayStation network in the British division faced data theft. The Guardian (2011) reported that around 77 million users’ data was stolen. The stolen information included names, addresses, date of births, passwords and credit card numbers. The data thefts of such nature are likely to cause credit card frauds and bank frauds while attempting identity thefts. The online games service had to remain shut down for a week since they did not want the incident to recur before appropriate measures were taken to combat t he attack. Richmond Williams (2011) stated that such an enormous attack was likely to damage the reputation of Sony and threaten its capability to compete with other giant competitors such as Apple, Google, etc. It is also vital to ensure that information security measures are updated regularly to stop any intruder from taking advantage of any obsolete protection software (which is often noticed in small organizations). Alongside financial losses and reputation damages, ineffective information security measures are also likely to instigate legal actions and investigations against organizations. With reference to the example under discussion, a lawsuit was filed against Sony for not providing enough security to the data of their customers. The customers wanted compensation from Sony for the damages caused by the data theft at Sony. Jones (2011) stated that the respective company was likely to face as much as ?500,000 of fine for not being able to protect their customer’s sensi tive information. With the comprehension of the consequences of not implementing effective security measures, it is also important to understand the different types of vulnerabilities that exist in organizations. Confidentiality of data implies the safe keeping of data against any revelation without the approval of the owner of the information. The revelation of data might not be intentional by the organization; however, the data flow that is implemented for the transfer of the data might involve some unreliable third parties that might take advantage of such exposure of data. Data integrity implies that no change or corruption should happen to the data; such corruption and changes are likely to occur if effective information access procedures are not implemented. Availability of data refers to the presence of data and service upon the need of the customer and employees; cyber attacks on an organization can make an online service go offline or delete important data by adopting diffe rent types of intrusions and virus attacks etc. Authenticity and non-repudiation are interrelated concepts that involve the proof of identity of the interacting parties. Authenticity implies that the interacting

EEG-Based Processing Approach for Pain Detection

EEG-Based Processing Approach for Pain Detection Abstract-To detect the pain based on EEG signals variability, several efforts has been made but no promising result has been achieved yet. In this study, we propose different features to classify pan. EEG signals of 28 healthy volunteers were recorded continuously while they experience pain through the known ice-water paradigm. To access the de-correlated EEG sources, Independent Component Analysis(ICA) scheme was used. Among them, the artifact and noise sources were removed and therefore pain dependent sources were determined and projected back. Before the classification, some features were extracted from the EEG signal. To select the best features, sequential forward selection (SFS) was applied which also eliminates the redundancy. The classification results provide 89% , 90% and 94% accuracy when one nearest neighbor (1NN), 3NN and support vector machine (SVM) were used, respectively. Keywords: EEG sources, pain dependent features, entropy, feature selection. Introduction Backonja et al. [1] proposed an ice-water bath as a gradual painful stimulus, termed as the cold presser test (CPT). in this study, CPT is applied as the pain inducing paradigm. Some studies, inveatigated the changes during pain. The result of some previous studies[2-5] was reported as an increase in the Delta and Beta bands and a decrease in the Alpha band during pain. In another study, a tonic pain stimulus [6] increased the power of Delta, Beta-III and Gamma bands and decreased the Theta, Alpha-I and Alpha-II band powers. Intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline increases the Beta power[7]. In another research, inducing Capsaicin caused no significant change in the EEG bands. Another study implied changes of Alpha band activities interact in pain-perception process [8]. In another research, two levels of pain were classified by NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes classifier which produces 86.3 ±8.4% classification accuracy [21]. In a different approach, fMRI images of the participants brain were observed while they were experiencing pain by heat induction which resulted in 94% accuracy [9]. The most repeated findings of these studies is a general increase in the power of Beta band simultaneous to a decrease in the Alpha band with a possible coherence increases across different bands, as the brain response to pain. In Section 2, the data recording and the preprocessing are explained; In Section 3, the methods are described in detail; in Section 4, the results are presented. Section 5 concludes the results. Data Recording and Preprocessing 2.1. Data Recording For recording EEG signals, 30 electrodes were used by Scanlt EEG recording system. A cap based on 10-20 electrode placement system was used for recording. The impedance of all electrodes was less than 5 kilo ohms. The sampling rate was adjusted at 250 hertz and a bandpass filter with cut-off frequencies adjusted in 0.5 and 47 hertz was implemented to the signal. In previous studies, laser, cuff pressure, hot/ice water, Electrocutaneous stimulation [10]-[13], have been used to induce pain. In this study, the ice-water (also called CPT) was selected to have minimum side-effect. The recording procedure took place in a quiet room. First, to achieve a baseline recording for each volunteer, a 30 second EEG signal were recorded in the resting position, which is called no-pain class. Then, by putting their hand in the cold water (1.7 ±0.2centigrad) after a while, they reported the pain. The recording continues till the tolerating time for each subject. With respect to the fact of artifacts presence in the EEG signals and to record the noises with higher quality, some electrodes on the face muscles were put to detect EMG artifacts. Also, EOG is one of the other artifact sources in EEG. 2.2. EEG Artifacts Eliminating Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression methods[14] are the methods used for eliminating the EEG artifacts such as muscle artifacts and eye artifacts. Also ICA has been introduced more effective for decomposing the recorded signals into uncorrelated sources [14] which is applied here to remove the EEG artifacts. 2.2.1. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) The components x i {displaystyle x_{i}} of the observed random vector x = ( x 1 , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , x m ) T {displaystyle x=(x_{1},ldots ,x_{m})^{T}} are generated as a sum of the independent components s k {displaystyle s_{k}} x i = a i , 1 s 1 + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¯ + a i , k s k + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¯ + a i , n s n {displaystyle x_{i}=a_{i,1}s_{1}+cdots +a_{i,k}s_{k}+cdots +a_{i,n}s_{n}} weighted by the mixing weights a i , k {displaystyle a_{i,k}} [15]: X= AS (1) Where S is sources vector, X is the recorded signals (EEGs) matrix. To calculate its inverse or pseudo-inverse, termed as W, the equation(3) is used: S =WX, where W=A-1 (2) 2.2.2. EOG Artifact To remove the most important EEG artifacts, which are EOG and EMG artifacts, the similar process was done. As the Fp1 channel is the most contained EEG channel, the correlation of this channel with all determined sources, was calculated Eq.4 is the correlation formula. If the value exceeded 0.7, the corresponding source was selected as the suspicious EOG source[16]. (3) Where Ri is the correlation of the ith source with the recorded signal at Fp1. Fig.1 shows the spectral map of the determined EOG source which is mostly on foreahed space. Shanon Entropy (4) Fractal Dimension L(k)= (5) Fig. 1. Spectral map of EOG component 2.2.3. EMG Artifacts To remove the EMG artifacts, the correlation of all sources with the frontalis and temporalis channels were computed and the ones which were more than 0.7 were considered as the probable EMG sources. Commonly, EMG sources have higher power at high frequencies. Therefore, to precisely detect EMG sources, in addition to the correlation criterion, their brain map were investigated[17]. The scalp map and power spectrum of one of the detected EMG artifacts is shown in Fig. 2. (b) Fig. 2. An EMG source (a)Scalp map,(b) Activity Power Spectral Methods This study is started from the data acquisition part in which 28 healthy subjects participated. We record their EEG signals through the resting condition (without imposing any pain stimulus) and pain condition. Due to the presence of artifact and noise in the recorded signals, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) to EEG in order to remove the effect of electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG) and movement artifacts. Non-artifact sources were projected back to electrode space and various features were extracted from them. To remove the redundancy and increasing the discriminability, an approach for selecting discriminative ones, Sequential Forward Selection(SFS) was applied. The candidate classifiers were support vector machine (SVM) and one nearest neighbor (1NN). 3.1. Features The features used in this research are as follows; band power of the pain sources in five bands (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma), fractal dimension, Shannon entropy, approximate entropy and spectral entropy. As a brief description to the features, Five frequency bands including Delta (0-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), Alpha (8-13 Hz), Beta (13-30 Hz), and Gamma (>30Hz) were elicited for each time frame, from each channel. [17]. Shannon entropy [18] measures the amount of irregularity in a distribution. Fractal dimensionmeasures the irregularity or roughness of a signal in a time frame[19]. The table below, demonstrates the brief procedure of calculating the features. Where P()are the probabilities occurred in the ith bin. is thethe average length, L(k) is the average length. 3.2. Feature selection The high number of features extracted in this study, from 30 channels within each time frame caused a high amount of redundancy. Search strategies need an objective function to select the suitable subset of features. This objective function is usually a statistical/ information/distance based criterion or the classifiers feedback, which are called filter and wrapper, respectively. Filter methods are fast and does not bias to the classifier type, while wrapper methods usually provide better results at high computational complexity cost. 3.2.1. Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) Sequential forward selection mechanism starts with empty set of features and repeatedly adds the most significant features to reach the criterion[20]. Here the criterion is selected as the classification accuracy with the objective of SFS selects the most discriminative algorithm. 3.3. Classifiers Two well-known classifiers, 1-NN and SVM, were used in this study. 1-NN is a local and nonlinear classifier, which is proper for classifying multimodal distributed samples[41]. From another angle, SVM with a suitable kernel is capable of classifying samples of two classes with overlap, which provides a great generalization property[21]. 3.4. Classification Investigating brain map through CPT gives us valuable information about the classification possibility. Two frequency ranges, centered at 2Hz (Delta) and 9.8Hz (Alpha), are observed as the most pain dependent features [3]-[5],[8],[22],[23]. The average brain map over all the subjects, in the Delta (Fig. 3) and Alpha (Fig. 4) bands, are exhibited in pain and no pain class. a b Fig. 3. The average brain map of subjects at 2Hz (Delta band): a) Non-pain, b) pain a b Fig. 4. The average brain map of subjects at 9.8Hz (Alpha band): a) Non-pain, b)pain Fig. 3 illustrates an increase in the power of Delta band by feeling the pain, which changes the activity focus region from top to the right hemisphere. These findings were previously reported [3]-[5], [23]. In contrast, by feeling more pain, the power of Alpha band is decreased in the frontal lobe and increased in occipital lobes, as shown in Fig. 4, which is as the results obtained in former studies [3]-[5], [8], [22]-[23]. It is noted that the base of the classifier was just built up according to the detected differences on the spatial distribution of these two band power features. To use the other EEG features and find a discriminate subset of features, SFS was run. Therefore, by adding the other features, which were selected by SFS, it was expected to achieve a higher classification accuracy. Results EEG signals from 30 electrodes were recorded and then EOG and EMG artifacts were removed by the ICA method, described in Section 2. Through the preprocessing, EMG or EOG sources and the sources caused by the bad connection of an electrode on the scalp, was projected outward of the brain. The base of the classifier was just established upon the significant changes in the spatial distribution of band power features through feeling pain (Fig. 4). since reality is that applying just the selected band power features does not provide convincing results, the structure while considering the other features was proposed. The results of pain classification by the proposed structure and those band power features, which were selected through visual inspection, is shown in Table I. For now and on, all of the presented classification results in this paper is achieved by ten-times ten-folds cross validation was executed for the cross validation phase. The classification accuracies are illustrated in Table IV, once SVM was considered for all nodes and the other time 1-NN classifier was assigned. Table I. The pain classification results of only the selected band power features Classification 1-NN 3-NN SVM Pain Versus Non-pain 68 66 54 Table II shows the classification accuracies achieved by applying svm to the features that is introduced as the discriminative ones in previous studies [6]-[8], [10], [23]-[24]. Table II. The comparative results of pain and non-pain classification by applying the previous suggested features[6]-[8], [10], [23]-[24]. Suggested Band Power Features in the Previous Studies Classification Accuracy (%) Alpha band 65 Beta and Alpha bands 61 Delta and Alpha and Beta bands 68 Theta and Alpha bands 57 Delta and Beta bands 61 Alpha and Gamma bands 62 Delta, Beta and Alpha Gamma bands 59 These numerous features, in each time frame, were concatenated into successive feature vectors and therefore the classifiers were encountered with high-dimensional vectors. To remove the redundancy and customize an optimized subset of features , SFS was adopted, to select the pain dependent features and therefore improve the final results. Nevertheless, while using wrapper method, the selected feature set depends on the classifier, the selected subsets of features are not necessary equal for SVM and 1-NN. SFS was run for each classifier separately. Also, since the test and train sets are changed through different folds, the selected features in different validation folds are not identical. As all of the reports which use wrapper approach, to demonstrate the list of selected features, the common features through folds were reported. The selected features by SFS at each node are listed in Table III. and for deploying SVM at all nodes presented and the 1NN features are listed in Table IV. Table III. The selected features by SFS for SVM and 1-NN Classifier List of the selected features SVM Alpha, Delta, Beta and Gamma bands, Shannon entropy, and fractal dimension K-NN Alpha, Delta, Beta bands and Shannon entropy The achieved classification results by applying the EEG features, customized using SFS, are illustrated in Table VI. Table VI. Classification accuracy of the pain Accuracy (%) Classifier Stage 94 SVM Pain vs. Non-Pain 89 1-NN 90 3-NN As it is stated the list of selected features depends on the type of classifier. Discussion EEG signals is the only non-invasive physiological-base measuring data that quantitatively records the brain activity. Also, the research in pain measurement is still in the beginning compared to other applications such as speech processing. As it is mentioned, among the artifact removal schemes such as regression with PCA, adaptive filter and match filter, the best known method is still ICA. It provides this opportunity to eliminate different noise and artifact roots in the ICA space, where all of the sources were statistically independent. Some constraints were considered to assure us that the suspicious noisy sources were correctly selected. In other words, the variation of spatial distribution of the Delta and Alpha bands are visualized by brain map images through the time and this variation was translated into a succesfull classification. We tried to select informative features to reveal the pain changes as highlight as possible. In this regard, instead of eliciting features from the correlated EEG signals on the scalp electrodes, variety of the known features were extracted from the pain dependent EEG source signals. Moreover, instead of ad-hoc methods, a heuristic search strategy, called as SFS, was employed to automatically select the suitable features. The high classification result demnstarates the propriety of the whole process. References [1] C.S. Cleeland, Y. Nakamura, E.W. Howland, N. R. Morgan, B. A. Edwards, M. Backonja, Effects of oral morphine on cold pressor tolerance time and neuropsychological performance, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 15, pp. 252-262, 1996. [2] A.C.N. Chen, P. Rappelsberger, Brain and Human Pain: Topographic EEG Amplitude and Coherence Mapping, Brain Topography, vol. 7, pp.196-205, 1994. [3] A.C.N. Chen, P. Rappelsberger, O. Filz, Topology of EEG Coherence Changes May Reflect Differential Neural Network Activation in Cold and Pain Perception, Brain Topography, vol. 11 , pp. 125-132 , 1998. [4] S. Ferracuti, S. Seri , D. Mattia , G. Cruccu, Quantitative EEG modifications during the cold water pressor test: hemispheric and hand differences, Int. Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 17, pp.261-268, 1992. [5] A.C.N. Chen, S.F. Dworkin, J. Haug, J. Gehrig, Topographic brain measures of human pain and pain responsivity, Pain, vol. 37 , pp.129-140, 1989. [6] P. Veerasarn, C.S.Stohler, The effect of experimental muscle pain on the background electrical brain activity, Pain, vol. 49 , pp.349-360, 1992. [7] P.-F Chang, L. Arendt-Nielsen, T. Graven-Nielsen, P. Svensson, A.C.N. Chen, Topographic effects of tonic cutaneious nociceptive stimulation on human electroencephalograph, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 35 , pp. 49-52, 2001. [8] W. Penga, C. Babiloni, Y. Maod, Y. Hua, Subjective pain perception mediated by alpha rhythms, Biological Psychology , vol. 109 ,pp. 141-150, 2015. [9] T. Wager, L. Atlas, M. Lindquist, M. Roy, C. Woo, E. Kross. An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signatureof Physical Pain, The new england journal of medicine, vol. 368, pp. 1388-1397, 2013. [10] E. Schulz , A. Zherdin , L. Tiemann, C. Plant , M. Ploner , Decoding an individuals sensitivity to pain from the multivariate analysis of EEG data, Cereb Cortex, vol. 22, pp. 18-23, 2012. [11] P, Ravn , R. Frederiksen , A. Skovsen , LL. Christrup , Mu. Werner , Prediction of pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers, Journal of Pain Research, vol. 5, pp. 326-313, Aug. 2012. [12] S. Walter, S. Gruss, K. Limbrecht-Ecklundt, H. C. Traue, P. Werner, A. Al-Hamadi, N. Diniz, G. Moreira da Silva, A. O. Andrade Automatic pain quantification using autonomic parameters, Psychology Neuroscience, vol. 7 , pp.363-380, Nov. 2014. [13] S.Gruss , R.Treister , P.Werner , S .Crawcour , A .Andrade , S .Walter ,Pain Intensity recognition Rates via Biopotential Feature Patterns with Support Vector Machines, Biopotential Pattern of Pain via Machine Learning, vol. 10, oct. 2015. [14] S. Makeig, AJ. Bell, T-P. Jung, TJ.Sejnowski, Independent component analysis of electroencephalographic data, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 8 , pp.145-151, 1996. [15] Sheng-Hsiou Hsu, Tim R. Mullen, Tzyy-Ping Jung, Gert Cauwenberghs, Real-Time Adaptive EEG Source Separation Using Online recursive Independent Component Analysis, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, vol. 24, 3, March 2016. [16] T.Jung, S.Makeig, C.Humphries, T.Martin, J. Vicente , T.Sejnowski, Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation, Psychophysiology, vol. 37 , pp. 163-178, 2000. [17] F.Ghassemi, Independent Component Analysis of ERP for levelingVisual Sustained Attention, Amirkabir University of Technology , 2007. [18] I. A. Rezek, S. J. Roberts, Stochastic complexity measures for [33] D. Aba ´solo1, R. Hornero1, P. Espino, D. A ´ lvarez1, J.Poza, Entropy analysis of the EEG background activity in Alzheimers disease patients, Physiol Meas, vol.27, pp.241-253, 2006. [19]M. Sabeti, S. Katebi, R.Boostani, Entropy and complexity measures for EEG signal classification of schizophrenic and control participants, Elsevier Journal of Artificial intelligence in medicine, vol. 47 , pp.263-274, , 2009. [20] S. Enshaeifar, S. Kouchaki, C. Cheong Took, and S. Sanei, Quaternion Singular Spectrum Analysis of Electroencephalogram with Application in Sleep Analysis, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. Vol. 24, 1, Jan. 2016. [21] M. Gram, C. Graversen, S.S. Olesen, A.M. Drewes, Dynamic spectral indices of the electroencephalogram provide new insights into tonic pain. Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 126, pp. 763-771, April 2015. [22] M. Huber , J. Bartling, D. Pachur, S.Woikowsky, S. Lautenbacher, EEG responses to tonic heat pain, Exp Brain Res, vol. 173, pp. 14-24, 2006. [23] R. Dowman, D. Rissacher, S. Schuckers, EEG indices of tonic pain-related activity in the somatosensory cortices,See comment in PubMed Commons belowClinical Neurophysiology, vol. 119 , pp. 1201-1212 , 2008.

Final Team Case Essay

Case Background Co-Founders Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett started Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 1939 inside a small one car garage behind Packard’s house. The two finished their studies as electrical engineers at Stanford University in 1934 and became close friends. They decided to start their own business â€Å"and make a run for it†, formalizing their partnership January 1, 1939. (The HP Way). They decide the company’s name with a coin toss that one car garage became the office of Hewlett-Packard. At the time it was started HP had $538 in working capital and little more than a couple hundred dollars worth of assets. It was in that garage that HP’s legacy was born, when Bill and Dave created the first HP product – the Audio Oscillator HP200A. Following the invention of their first product, the pair moved into a small building down the street from their famed garage and hired their first employees. â€Å"Walt Disney Studios placed an order for eight HP 200B audio oscill ators for the movie Fantasia—HP’s first big sale.† (High Tech: Winning Success In Silicon Valley). Another milestone was reached in 1940 when HP sent out its first ever Christmas bonus in the amount of $5. This Christmas bonus set the tone for all bonuses to come, as it quickly turned into a production bonus and soon helped to shape the company wide profit sharing plan that HP adapts. In 1942 HP builds its first ever company owned building, and in order to protect themselves build it so that it can be easily converted to a convenience store should the electronics industry fail. One of the most important milestones for the company was reached in 1947, as HP became a true Corporation. HP also caught attention for their Management by Walking Around and Open Door Policy programs. In 1957 HP had its initial public offering of stock and wrote their first set of corporate objectives, which set the tone for their management style as a company. In 1958 HP made its first â€Å"sizeable acquisition when they purchased F.L. Moseley Company†, which further expanded their product line. ( Maddox). The late 50’s and 60’s were an extremely important time for HP as a company as it was during this time that they became a global company by building a manufacturing plant in Germany. It was also during this time that they created their Division Separation structure where they separated profit and loss accountability  between divisions. This division was thought to help keep employees nimble while fostering motivation and creativity. During the 60’s HP further developed itself by entering into the medical field with the purchase of Sanborn Company. They also had their stock listed on the New York and Pacific Stock exchanges and were listed in Fortune 500’s top companies at 460. It was also during the 60’s that HP created its first computer, which was used in house to control company tests. HP also creates their first scientific calculator around this time, which also gained critical success. Further helping promote HP products Dave Packard was appo inted U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense in 1969. In 1977 John Young became president of HP replacing Bill Hewlett. In the early 80’s HP took much more interest in the personal computing industry as it was during this time that they create the first mass marketed personal computer. They also enter into creating printers for use with their personal computers, the printers HP manufactured during this time set the standard for the direction in which printers would evolve. In 1987 Bill Hewlett retired as vice chairman of the board of directors, his son Walter Hewlett and David W Packard (son of Dave Packard) step up to take his place. In 1992 Lew Platt became HP president and CEO who was the first president and CEO of HP to not be a member of the Hewlett or Packard family. In 1993 Dave Packard relinquishes his chair of the board of director’s position to Lew Platt. Possibly one of the most damaging events hits HP in 1996 when Dave Packard one of the original founders dies. In 1999 Carly Fiorina becomes President and CEO of HP. In 2002 HP merged with Compaq Computer. This merger created an â€Å"$87 billion entity† which operates in more than 160 countries and has almost 150,000 employees. (Dykman, Davis, & Lamb). â€Å"Quite a change from a company which 70 years ago started in a 1 car garage shack with 2 college kids who had $500 to work with!† (Hewlett Packard Company) Today, HP provides consumers a wide range of products and services from digital photography to digital entertainment and from computing to home printing. This comprehensive portfolio helps the company match the right products, services, and solutions to their customers’ specific needs. Hewlett-Packard’s Vision Statement We strive to improve the environmental performance of our customers, our supply chain, and our own operations. We give people the tools and solutions  to build a better today while preparing to address the challenges of tomorrow. Motto: Purpose Statement To lead in the marketplace by developing and delivering useful and innovative products, services and solutions. Mission Statement Committed to global responsibility by being economic, intellectual and a social asset, demonstrate commitment to our employees by promoting creative work that reflects our values, and earn customer respect and loyalty by consistently providing the highest quality and value while achieving finance growth. Values Statement HP’s values embody the qualities, beliefs, and principles that will ensure organizational success. â€Å"It is necessary that people work together in unison toward common objectives and avoid working at cross purposes at all levels if the ultimate in efficiency and achievement is to be obtained.†-Dave Packard Trust and respect for individuals We work together to create a culture of inclusion built on trust, respect and dignity for all. Achievement and contribution We strive for excellence in all we do; each person’s contribution is critical to our success. Results through teamwork We effectively collaborate, always looking for more efficient ways to serve our customers. Meaningful innovation We are the technology company that invents the useful and the significant. Uncompromising integrity We are open, honest and direct in our dealings. Issue Statement In order for the company to remain one of the world’s leading producers of the latest technological advances, HP must face the following issues head-on: 1. Their ability to remain a top tier leader in the technology industry through innovative products 2. Strive in meeting the continued needs of various shareholders by increasing HP shares 3. Maintain customer loyalty by producing quality yet reasonable prices and exemplarily  customer service 4. Finding ways to reduce our global footprint worldwide through advances in green solutions Management Question: What does CEO, Meg Whitman, need to do to retain and recommit HP to the PC business and reintroduce products her predecessor discarded? Stakeholder Analysis * Communities * Customers * Employees * Investors * Legislators and regulators * Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) * Suppliers * Universities Stakeholder Expectations and Expectation (See Exhibit 1.1) Stakeholders Key Issues With the unwavering success of new entrants into the market HPs stakeholder’s main issue is their ability to be innovative and competitive in the market. Competitors such as Apple has gained a significant competitive advantage in the technology industry forcing HP to evaluate how they do business. SWOTS Strengths * Hewlett-Packard (HP) is a global provider of personal systems, imaging and printing products, and technology solutions. * It is the largest player in the inkjet and laser printer market. * HP is also one of the market leaders in the global PC market. * HP has a very strong distribution Hewlett-Packard’s primary strength is its business position. The enterprise has a large amount of cash in hand about $10 billion. * Hewlett-Packard is a global enterprise and especially after its merger with Compaq, the company became world’s biggest computer hardware and peripherals  consort in the world and has ranked 20th in the Fortune 500 list. * Hewlett Packard is operating in more than 170 countries including both developed as well as under-developed. * Being a global dealer of computer hardware, it gives HP many advantages like dominating printers market, both laser and inkjet. The company attracts and focuses on consumers from even newly found markets all around the world, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations etc. * The company competes both at local and international level. * It has increased its competitiveness through policies and strategies that supports free-market economies. * HP is a leading supplier in the growing IT markets. Weaknesses * HP uses the Windows platform in all its I-PAQ phones. Incidentally, I-PAQ phones have been much criticized for not being very Windows friendly in a lot of user forums. * The inability to react quickly to changing market conditions and demands is a weakness of HP. * The company was in a long term debt for many years which kept it from investing in different growth opportunities. * The touch pads of the notebooks of Hewlett Packard like the dv series, dm3, and Envy lines needs improvement. These touch pads are either finicky, unreliable, or are difficult to use because of friction. * The mouse buttons on various HP supplied machines are said to be clumsy to use, too. * Poor shelling life of HP products plagued some mainstream systems and net books. * The past acquisition of Peregrine made the HP’s portfolio even more diverse and complete but HP Open View’s lack of mainframe management capabilities created several problems. * Another weakness was that it did not yet hit a CMDB product that includes discovery and mapping. This cause many customers to switch the brand. Opportunities * Expansion in alternative client computing architectures and other emerging mobile computing devices gives a good opportunity for HP. * The mobile phone market is forecasted to grow tremendously. * The recent acquisition of EDS puts HP at a strong position in the computer market and makes it portfolio more impressive. * Hewlett-Packard was able to generate large number of revenues and profits from its different deals and  raised more than six billion which it can use to pay off its debts as well as invest in different research and development activities. * If the products by the company are supplied at reasonable prices, there will be more chances of growth as the demand would increase. * The company has formed Customer Solutions Group that helps in selling the complete IT solutions, products and services by HP. Threats * Hyper-competitive environment – Companies such as Dell, Toshiba, Lenova Group and Acer are formidable competitors for HP. * It competes in terms of price, brand, quality, technology, distribution and range of products, among other factors. * Other mobile operating systems such as Symbian, iPhone, and Linux are on the rise and they too pose a threat to HP. * Operating in global market means many competitors and therefore, the company has to be at the forefront of changing technologies as well as addressing the changing customer demands and needs. * The global economic recession is also a threat for the company’s sales and profits. The prices have also fallen as the stock markets are at historic low positions. * Many other competitors including Dell are entering the printer business whereas IBM has become a market leader. 3. Organizational Design Analysis Division of Labor in the Ambidextrous Orgainzation: Organic characteristics such as decentralization and employee freedom are excellent for initiating ideas, but these same conditions often make it hard to implement a change because employees are less likely to comply. Employees can ignore the innovation because of decentralization and generally loose structure. HP has such problem and it is necessary to overlay the ambidextrous approach, which speaks to incorporate structure and management process that are appropriate to both creation and the implementation of innovation. The ambidextrous approach looks at HP’s design elements that are important for exploring new ideas versus the design elements that are most suitable for exploiting HP’s current capabilities. Exploration means encouraging creativity and developing new ideas, whereas exploitation means implementing those ideas to produce routine products. HP can be designed to behave in an organic way for exploring new ideas and in a  mechanistic way to exploit and use the ideas. Research under HP could use an ambidextrous approach by designing for both exploration and exploitation perform better and are significantly more successful in launching innovative new products or services. Through research, using this model as an overlay, HP’s creative department should use the organic structure to expand its capabilities such as reducing their global worldwide footprint through advances in green solutions. The economy of China has been growing at a robust rate since last few years. China’s recently released five-year plan signifies a new phase of growth through the expansion of domestic consumption, driving a low-carbon economy, fostering innovation and achieving balanced social and economic growth (Datamonitor PLC, 2012). The growth of HP’s mobile tablet PC market, entry into the smartphone market expects to grow strongly in the coming years. The growth is expected to be driven by the demand from the US and Asia Pacific regions. In 2010, the market was led by the North American region with approximately 35% market share. By 2014, Asia Pacific region including China expects to lead the tablet PC market (Datamonitor, 2011). In February 2011, HP launched the HP TouchPad, a 9.7-inch tablet PC that runs on webOS 3.0. The company plans to make available this product in the coming months. The company’s increased focus on the tablet PC segment will enable it to benefit from the growing market (Datamonitor, 2011). HP entered the smartphone market with the acquisition of Palm, a provider of smartphones powered by the Palm WebOS mobile operating system, in July 2010. The launch of new smartphones with an updated version of WebOS will enable the company to effectively compete with each other players in the market, including Apple and Google (Datamonitor, 2011). In addition, provide the healthcare markets with products beyond the capabilities of their competitors. HP has been focusing on providing healthcare solutions in recent times. In January 2010, the company and McKesson collaborated to work on electric health record (EHR) adoption at independent physician practices. HP’s solutions targeting healthcare sector will enable it to increase its revenues in the company years (Datamonitor, 2011). The creative department could use an organic structure to explore and  develop new ideas to face intense competition from Apple, RIM, and Nokia. Under an organic structure, HP will be able to react quickly to those competitors having a positive effect on revenues and profitability of the company in the long run. Looking at the mechanistic structure HP could exploit capabilities and apply routine implementation of innovations. An example of this looks at HP leading market position in the global printers market. HP ships more than one millions printer per week. Strong market position in various market segments provides economies of scale for the company, including increasing their customer base (Datamonitor, 2011). The Four Types of Change Provide a Strategic Competitive Wedge: Managers can focus on four types of change within organizations to achieve strategic advantage. These four types of change are technology, products and services, strategy and structure, and culture. These factors provide an overall context within which the four types of change serve as a competitive wedge to achieve an advantage in the international environment. HP has an unique configuration of products and services, strategy and structure, culture, and technologies that can be focused for maximum impact upon the its c hosen markets. Technology changes are changes in an organization’s production process, including its knowledge and skill base, that enable distinctive competence. These changes are designed to make production more efficient or to produce greater volume. Changes in technology involve the techniques for making products or services. They include work methods, equipment, and workflow. In the case of HP, the competitive-intelligence (CI) chief of HP has focused his intention to offer free shipping for printer cartridges, its development of â€Å"print status monitor software which will prompt customers to purchase replacement cartridges,† and numerous technical specifications. Only but a few minor errors, the CI team had nailed everything: prices, specs, software details (Varchaver & Burke, 2007). Products and services changes pertain to the product or service outputs of HP. New products and services are normally designed to increase the market share or to develop new markets, customers, or clients. If correctly  applied, HP can bring together existing technologies in a new way to serve a new market. HP has a broad product portfolio. HP’s services segment offers consulting, outsourcing and technology services across infrastructure, applications and business process domains. Its services encompass the data center and the workplace (desktop); network and communications; and security, compliance; business continuity; warranty support; technology consulting and systems integration solutions (Datamonitor, 2012). Strategy and structure changes pertain to the administrative domain in an organization. The administrative domain involves the supervision and management of management, policies, rewards systems, labor relations, coordination devices, management information and control systems, and accounting and budgeting systems. Strategy, structure, and systems changes are usually top-down–that is, mandated by top management–whereas product and technology changes often come from the bottom up. To make the strategy successful, they identified a new set of key performance metrics to track how effectively the company was meeting goals of competitive costs, high quality, and great service. This change also proved to be successful in the long run. A culture change refers to changes in the values, attitudes, expectations, beliefs, abilities, and behavior of employees. Culture change pertains to changes in how employees think; these are changes in mindset rather than technology, structure, or products. Culture change can be particularly difficult because people don’t think their attitudes and beliefs easily. The four types of change are interdependent– a change in one often means a change in another. The structural change was an outgrowth of the technology change. HP is an independent system, and changing one part often has implications for other parts of HP. Porter’s Competitive Strategies- Michael E. Porter studied a number of business organizations and proposed mangers can make the orgainzation more profitable and less vulnerable by adopting either a differentiation strategy or a low-cost strategy. Appling a low-cost leadership strategy means managers choose to compete through lower  costs, whereas with a differentiation strategy the orgainzation compete through the ability to offer unique or distinctive products and services that command a premium price. Each strategy can vary in scope from broad to narrow. That is, an organization can choose to compete in many market and customer segments or to focus on a specific market or buying group. Appling this model to HP revels the organizations focuses on low-cost leadership strategy with a broad scope where HP provides goods and services to customers at cheaper prices. HP uses the low-cost strategy with their printer / copier product line where tight controls to produce products more efficiently than its competitors. Low-cost leadership strategy using a broad scope is concerned primarily with stability rather than taking risks or seeking new opportunities for innovation and growth. For HP, this means it can achieve higher profits than competitors because of it can efficiency and lower operation costs. Also, this strategy puts HP in a better position to prevent loss of market share. 4. Identification and Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Encourage technology change by using skunkworks Pros: Focuses on breakthrough ideas for HP Give highly talented employees time and freedom to keep HP on the cutting edge This group could be highly autonomous and secretive while creating Cons: May create a subculture under HP’s vision Risk of skunkworks wasting resources and come away with nothing to show Ideas may be behind competitor’s organization’s skunkworks teams 2. Empower employees through the bottom-up approach Pros: Employees are motivated to figure out the best ways to get their jobs done Supports the right culture that drive high performance Employees at all levels feel part of the vision / change or the organization Cons: Employees ideas could go nowhere Ideas could get lost between the layers of management Employees may become focused on â€Å"looking for shortcuts† in the process 3. Discover a distinct pattern of tailoring innovations to customer needs by using the Horizontal Coordination Model Pros: Increases the amount of new product development Improves the different possible developed products Gives HP the edge in meeting customer needs and circumventing manufacturing / marketing ideas Cons: If not properly applied, the connections is lost between employees and customers If not properly applies, the coordination between departments are not shared Must be driven by top managers to function well 5. Recommended Alternatives- Based on the models and discussed alternatives, I recommend HP will be best able to adapt to the changing external environment by proceeding with the Horizontal Coordination. This means HP’s technical, marketing, and production employees share ideas and information. All departments would have a say if / when a product gets introduced in the market. Specialization means every department are highly competent at their own tasks. Boundary spanning means each department under HP vision will be linked with involvement on new products and has an excellent linkage with relevant sectors in the external environment. Under boundary spanning, employees are aware of recent scientific developments and personnel are closely linked to customer needs. Horizontal coordination stresses the importance of sharing ideas between technical, marketing, and production. I would not recommend using skunkworks or the bottom-up approach. Skunkworks has a great possibility of developing a subculture that may not support HP’s overall vision. Using the bottom-up approach may go dry after employees discover their ideas are going unnoticed or getting lost while traveling through the layers of management. 6. Implementation and Conclusion Elements for Successful Change- Regardless of the type or scope of change, there are identifiable stages of innovation, which generally occur as a sequence of events, through innovation stages may overlap. For a change to be successful implemented, HP’s mangers must make sure each element occurs in the organization. If one of the elements is missing, the change process  will fail. 1. Ideas. Change is an outward expression of ideas. Ideas can come from within or from outside the organization, 2. Need. Ideas are generally not seriously considered unless there is a perceived need for change. A perceived need for change occurs when managers see a gap between actual performance and desired performance in the organization. 3. Decision to adopt. The decision to adopt occurs when managers or other decision makers choose to go ahead with a proposed idea at HP. 4. Implementation. Implementation occurs when HP’s members actually use a new idea, technique, or behavior. Materials and equipment may have to be acquired, and workers may have to be trained to use the new idea. This is the most difficult part for HP. Until people use the new idea, no change has actually taken place. 5. Resources. Change does not happen on its own; it requires time and resources, for both creating and implementing a new idea. Employees at HP must provide energy to see both the need and the idea to meet that need. In conclusion, strong market position in various markets segments provides economies of scale for the company, besides increasing its chance of winning customers. However, intense competition will adversely affect the revenues and profitability of the company in ling term (Datamonitor, 2011). Works Cited 1. Daft, R. (2010). Organization Theory & Design. (11th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. 2. Datamonitor. (2011). Hewlett-Packard Company 3. HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY Palo Alto, California. (2008). Microwave Journal, 51(7), 120-126. 4. Hewlett Packard Company. 2007 November 19. 30 March 2008 . 5. High Tech: Winning Success In Silicon Valley. (1984). Ebony, 40(1), 37 6. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.hp.com/go/history