ICT and Education Essay

Information and Communication technologies (ICTs) are invaluable in the education of young people today. The internet is the most recent ICT development that is popular with the young generation and can therefore be a very important tool in the education of the young people. Internet-based instruction and course delivery is convenient since it makes education more meaningful, responsive, reliable and relevant. Education technology has embraced the internet both for teaching and learning since it is a paradigm shift that enables both beginning computing level, undergraduate or elementary level, and the advanced computing level, for graduates to be more reliable and responsive. A digital native refers to those people who are born in places where digital technologies- ICT, such as computers, mobile phones and the internet already thrive. The ICT will at this juncture be less important to the education of such young people as compared to those who had no access to ICT earlier at home therefore have to learn and adopt ICT later in life (Anderson & Garrison 2003). This term is used to refer mostly to young people in the 21st century who are in deed in the digital age as compared to those born before this period. ICT will be invaluable to digital natives, also called the millennium learners, as they are well endowed with the necessary skills required for one to be in tandem with the dynamic teaching and learning techniques. ICT is significant to education in a number of ways such as: Facilitating faster access to varieties of learning resources that will enhance teaching and learning, provides immediate feedback from people who are remote of distance, provide authentic and updated information, learning can take place at any time of the day or night, facilitates multimedia education approach, provides online libraries and even caters for children with disabilities (Linn, Davis & Bell 2004). Students are able to actively contribute to the construction of knowledge since the internet promotes cooperative learning while at the same time the students can receive immediate feedback from the teachers. The internet has led to a redesigning of course features such as: online resources, syllabi, virtual classrooms, online discussions, interactive learning and fewer lectures (Roxanne & Turoff 2007). Learning is shifted from teacher centered to learner centered as a result of the internet which caters for the needs of the students more adequately and is self-regulated by the students. In addition, the learners develop critical thinking skills, interpersonal skills, better cognition and better management skills. Virtual classrooms are the simulated and computer based environment where there is real time teaching of students from different locations all over the world as if they were at one place at the same time. Instructions are delivered remotely via the internet in these virtual classrooms to teach at high schools, colleges and university to deliver distance education Kariuki & Louis 2004). This method is increasingly becoming popular with students who can now learn from the comfort of their homes and is therefore becoming a major component for education mostly in the developed nations like Britain, the United States, China and Germany. Interactive learning has been developed through the use of engines and programs like face book and twitter where students can chat with their tutors and class mates live to get reading materials, instructions, submit their completed tasks to their tutors and receive immediate feedback on their progress (Plank et al 2009). The internet is therefore an invaluable tool that has significantly impacted to the development of teaching and learning in line with the dynamic world. Reference Kariuki James & Louis Henry (2004), â€Å"The myths about e-learning in higher education,† Taylor & Francis: London Anderson T. & Garrison R, (2003), â€Å"E-learning in the 21st century: a framework for research and practice,† Routledge, London. Starr Roxanne & Murray Turoff, (2007), â€Å"Education goes digital: The evolution of online learning and the revolution in higher education, Routledge Publishers: London. Plank D et al (2009), â€Å"Emerging Web Technologies in Higher Education: A case of incorporating blogs, podcasts and social bookmarks in a web programming course based on students learning styles and technology preferences,† Taylor & Francis: London. Linn M. , Davis E. & Bell P. (2004). â€Å"Internet environments for science education,† Routledge: New York.

New York: City Information Essay

It is located on the Atlantic Coast on the United States of America. It was first settled in 1625, known as New Amsterdam by the Dutch. It is known as the city that never sleeps. New York City is probably one of the most interesting cities in the world. It has something to offer to everybody. From the moment you land in New York City there is a realization that you have landed in a different world. New York City is home to virtually every nationality on earth. With each culture represented in New York City by individuals alone the many opportunities to visit miniature versions of the cultures is apparent in areas known as Little Italy, Chinatown and Harlem. However culture is not the only reason to visit New York City. There are hundreds of reasons to visit a city known as The Big Apple. There are twenty-four major attractions from going to the Bronx Zoo to riding a ferry to the first immigration terminal, Ellis Island. Over twelve million immigrants passed through the gates of Ellis Island while entering the United States. These immigrants left his or her homes due to religious and politically oppression. Some journeyed to America simply for the Great American Dream. Ellis Island is located in the upper bay off the coast of New Jersey. It is shadowed by one of the greatest statutes in America, the Statue of Liberty. Originally it was 3.3 acres but has grown to 27.5 acres. Throughout history, Ellis Island has served itself as one of the most famous immigration ports. It officially closed in November 1954. If you prefer the more recreationally side of New York City then Central Park is the most visited and famous. Being known as one of the urban wonders of the world, Central Park is a vast, green oasis in the middle of skyscrapers and miles of pavement. Twenty years after the approval for the man made park, Central Park became a place for all to enjoy as a get away from the frenzied New York City lifestyle. The sky is the limit when it comes to Central Park activities. Every New York native knows the beauty and haven that is offered while sitting on a park bench, tossing a ball with friends or pets, jogging, cycling, or just relaxing. However the millions of visitors each year that descend onto Central Park also know of the benefits of the Central Park Zoo, the Hans Christian Anderson and Alice in Wonderland sculptures, the Carousel, the Bridle path for those who love to ride their  horse, and many more. Besides the hundreds of activities within Central Park since 1908 it has been th e background scene for more than two hundred feature films. An Affair to Remember, Baby Boom, Little Nicky and Breakfast at Tiffany’s just to name a few. Anyone can fulfill almost all his or her needs from high culture to wilderness inside the city limits, but if you are determined to see the surrounding areas, here are a few ideas for day trips out of the city. There are some good beaches near New York and it’s possible to get to them for a day trip. Coney Island is the nearest; you can get there by the subway. One of the most respected Universities in the U.S. and also one of the prettiest, Princeton University is north of New York City. Its location is very picturesque and even produced its own style of landscape painting, the Hudson River school. The town of Cold Spring is a small riverside community with small restaurants and antique shops with a dramatic view across the river. It’s especially attractive during fall foliage season. As you can see New York offers something for everybody.

Reviewing and Summarizing the Life of Sarny

A very powerful sequel to the book Nightjohn, Gary Paulsen’s book entitled Sarny: a Life Remembered follows the life of a brave woman who learned to read and write while being held captive by slavery and how she served as an inspiration to her fellowmen. The story is set during the Civil War and slavery was reaching its peak action. Therefore, the book was focused on the important themes related to war such as justice and freedom. Because the narrator was a female slave, the voice of the story is naturally defiant, brave, and full of hope. This is a very qualification of novels that tackle about the lives of Black slaves for it adds character to the wholeness of the plot. In the narration of the book, Sarny was already ninety years old. Her lifetime was devoted her struggles to unite her family, to keep her children safe, and to be able to serve as an educator to other slaves. In Paulsen’s work we witness how Sarny victoriously escaped slavery and how she taught herself to be literate, along with the other slaves she was with. She was married twice and her two children, Tyler and Delie, were separated from her when they were sold as debt payments by their owner. When she was able to leave her owner, she dedicated her time and effort to search for her children. After achieving emancipation, Sarny devoted her time in building a school where she would teach other former slaves to be literate. Other important characters in the story were Lucy, a young slave who has become Sarny’s friend on the road, and Miss Laura, who helped Sarny find her children. These two characters contribute significantly to the direction of Sarny’s life. On the other hand, Sarny also served as an important factor to the developments of these two characters. Sarny is an amazing, informative book to read for all ages, particularly targeting the audience of young adolescents. Even though the main protagonist of the story was already in her nineties, the whole plot of the story would be educational and interesting for all young students who would read this book. There is a fair amount of racial violence and sexual issues that were tackled in the book so the readers should at least be adolescents. But as a whole, Sarny has a very interesting array of characters and its plot is really heartwarming. It is a book that deserves to be highly recommended for it touches important realities of motherhood, family life, slavery, social equality, and freedom.

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare Essay

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare - Essay Example However, experts say that issuing a superb apology serves to simplify complex issues. This argument is logical since the author immensely recognizes the importance of issuing an apology (Donelly). He continues to proof this by saying that in order to ensure that clients get over the awful feelings, they need a prompt apology. It is imperative to state that there is efficient organization of this article as it clearly outlines the nature of an apology such as a warm salutation in order to soften the recipient and should be inclusive of terms such as sorry, apologize, and regret (Donelly). The author tries to outline the fundamental nature of an apology. He continues to emphasize that the format of an apology largely depends on the client relationship and writing should be the suitable way of issuing an apology. On my opinion, I deeply agree with the author that apologies serve to enhance efficient interaction with other individuals as they serve to minimize conflicts. An apology should be timely as the worst practice is waiting for a long time before issuing an apology, as customers will get angrier. It is worth concluding that one should send an apology after the occurrence of the incident in order to minimize

Recent Changes In Organisational Form And Personnel Strategies Essay

Recent Changes In Organisational Form And Personnel Strategies - Essay Example Differences between the connotations of the words "labor" and "work† suggest the reorienting effect that Braverman's formulation had on views regarding work, workers, and the workplace (Rowlinson, 2000, p.13-14). Labor is an economic commodity exchanged in the market. Braverman held that work had been degraded by capitalism thus turned into mere labor. Taylorism separated the hand from the brain and vested the brains in management and the hands in labor. Work became deskilled as technological and bureaucratic controls supplanted the self-direction of skilled workers. This process of deskilling standardized work activities robbed work of meaning, leveling skill distinctions among workers. It enlarged and homogenized the proletariat, which came to include clerical and semi-professional occupations. Braverman's focus on skills had the effect of conceptualizing the outcomes of the industrial transformation as technological, psychological, and economic rather than social. Harry Brav erman does not make clear the definition of skill but sees the degradation process as involving the separation of mental and physical activities. One might be concluded that Harry Braverman has identified skills as cognitive abilities of workers, then generalized beyond that point to make skills technical characteristics of jobs. Sociological conceptions of work based on workers' relations to each other, group control over activities, and normative definitions of technical relations are missing.

Comparative article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative article review - Essay Example omen in science, engineering and technology through a bias that sees these fields as essentially masculine by a stereotyping of the masculine image in the disciplines of science, engineering and technology. (1). On the other hand Robert Frith explores the concept of â€Å"cosmopolitan democracy† and its portents for the expansion of democracy beyond the borders of a state into transnational democracy as can be considered for Europe and the rights of women within such a democratic set up. (2). In her article Alison Phipps brings to the forefront the position of liberal-feminist politics since the 1970s encouraging women to be more conducive to going with the mainstream concept of what is suitable in science, engineering and technology. This is reflected in her words â€Å"changing women’s dispositions and perceptions in order that they might choose, and fit better into, SET†. This argument traces its origins to the position of Henwood (1998) that the equal opportunities politics for women in science, engineering and technology essentially attempted to have women participate in science, engineering and technology, without upsetting the gender bias that is against its equal participation. It is this argument that Alison Phipps tries to establish in her paper, which is replete with examples of the politics of women associated with the participation in science engineering and technology, tacitly accepts the dominance of the male gender in these disciplines and t he making of these disciplines as macho for the male gender. One of the examples she puts forth pertains the Associations for Women in Science and Engineering in the United Kingdom and the Association of Women in Science in the United sates of America and the opinion among its members that there â€Å"a lack of role models/lack of encouragement for girls in SET† and furthermore Set was given a macho image through the gendered childhood experiences, wherein there was reinforcement of the childhood concepts that

Global Trends and my Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Trends and my Career - Essay Example The duty of protecting the soil of the country as well as the well being of the citizens lies on the shoulders of the military and hence this will call for more responsibilities to be carried by the officials of the military and other concerned agencies. I am pursuing my career as a federal employee in the administration department of the military. Hence these global trends for the next decade, which will affect the world and the United States, will also serve to have an impact on my career. The military is being more technologically advanced so as to meet the requirements of the fast paced world. This serves to be of assistance but attacks on the technological systems can greatly alter the working capacity and potential. As a part of the administration, we will have to work towards investing more on upgrading our technological system. Proper planning will be required for implementation of these programs as well. The integration of the different departments that lie in the military will be done. Considering these factors, I will need to have a proper training program with regard to technology and my staff will need to be trained as well. The military members will also require training so that the whole system works effectively towards providing a better output. As a member of the administration, more responsibilities will lie on us to protect the technological systems from the potential threats that may lead to alter and disrupt the normal functioning and activities of the military as a whole. Hence, I will need to achieve a better level of understanding with regards to the new technology and stand as a good administrator to be of help at all levels. This shows that my career will be oriented towards achieving more expertise and knowledge. The American fight against terrorism will go on according to the global trends and hence it will result in America being a target by these terrorists. The infrastructure of the country as well as the life of its

To what extent have the decline of the traditional career and the Essay

To what extent have the decline of the traditional career and the qrowth of non-standard work arrangements led to a fundamental shift in the nature of the psych - Essay Example There is evidence of substantial changes in work and job profiles. The issues involved have far-reaching implications. This could lead to increased polarization of the work force, income disparities which is quite conspicuous now, and new forms of social exclusion. It may not be the end of work but its attenuation in terms of quality of life and of working life will boomerang. Have there been a decline of the traditional career and the growth of non-standard work arrangements and has this led to a fundamental shift in the nature of the psychological contract. This paper takes a close look at what could have been and what is. What is a contract? Contracts are a ubiquitous and binding feature seen in organisations the world over. A Contract serves as a bond that brings together employees and employers together to achieve the organisational goal. Although macro research has paid some attention to the study of contracts, such as by Williamson, 1975 (Robinson, Kraatz, & Rousseau, Changing Obligations and the Psychological Contract: A Longitudinal Study, Research Notes) 2, an elaborate study or focus on the research on this field leaves a lot to be desired. â€Å"Technological advancement is assumed to be the most irresistible driver of change. Technology will create new jobs and transform existing work to higher skill levels, or information technology will destroy jobs or degrade them into less skilled, more routine work (Changing Nature of Work 1999). The widespread shortage of IT workers suggests that jobs are being created on a large scale. Worker surveys indicate that skills and responsibilities have increased due to digital technology (Changing Nature of Work 1999)† (Kalleberg, NON-STANDARD EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work, www.cete.org, referred on 16.04.2006)3. â€Å"Martin and Butler (2000) found "widespread agreement" in the literature that the old employment contract is dead or

Neoliberal Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Neoliberal Globalization - Essay Example As the research stresses there is a great difference in â€Å"being free to conduct a wisely-planned activity to gain both tangible and intangible outcomes† and â€Å"not to be under control†. Seemingly, those two aspects are mixed, and as the result the global situation is far from being perfect. The issue of freedom is closely intertwined with the topic of neo-liberalism. The present paper aims to review the issues of the neo-liberalism and worldwide integration and conclude if the positive outcomes will be possible in case neoliberal worldwide integration continues its movement without any changes applied to its current outlook. According to the paper findings despite the fact the key features of worldwide integration were widely implemented many decades ago, this definition appeared recently in 1970th. The story of international cooperation and trade turns back to even thousands years ago. However, that issue was mostly about trade. Nowadays, being global is rather the necessity. Of course, trade is a powerful instrument of enrichment, moreover, if it is about its international feature. However, even being a consequent element, trade is not the only one in the elements’ list of worldwide integration. In addition to trade, political achievements, religious features, economic successes, and scientific innovations are the important elements of global cooperation. Moreover, it is impossible in the current situation for this or that society to stay beside the global way of things, unless the situation is about a tribe somewhere deep in the jungle.

Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Civic nationalism can be said to bet that particular type of nationalism that define a country as a room where individuals associate with same levels of political rights that are evenly distributed to each other (Gerstle, 2001). In this association, the members are assured to allegiance to the same political methodologies and guidelines. This particular type of nationalism has the underlining principle that the nation is not guided by individuals with same ethnic ancestry, rather a political entity without the core of ethnicity. Civic nationalism is therefore the form of nationalism whereby the government draws legitimacy of political grounds from its citizen’s active participation, hence representing the will of its population. Racial Nationalism refers to global approach and view, which makes a combination of the love and passion of an individual’s race together with the love and passion an individual nation. By combining the two elements of love and passion for both one’s race and nation, this particular view advocates for a self-determination perspective for all the world races. In the American context, this view became very practical when it comes to matters pertaining to the uniqueness characteristics of each race and their preservation as well. In America, this view emerged advantageous by eliminating the opportunities for one group to exploit the other (Gerstle, 2001). Soft Multiculturalism refers to a condition that had already existed before in the United States and Europe, among other nations, due to the real availability of a number of cultural and religious associations. They also include other individuals who have migrated into these countries. In the United States of America, Soft Multiculturalism got related to the development some futures that were close distant. Those individuals initiating these developments must prepare

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis Essay

Role of Inflammation in the Development of Atherosclerosis - Essay Example As the discussion highlights atherosclerosis is a condition in which the wall of the artery thickens due to accumulation of fatty substances like cholesterol and triglycerides. The condition affects arterial blood vessels secondary to chronic inflammation of the innermost wall of the arteries and is mainly caused due to accumulation of macrophages. Accumulation of macrophages is promoted by low density lipoproteins. Stiffening of arteries occurs due to formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. There are basically 3 groups of atherosclerotic lesions and they are progressive atherosclerotic lesions, nonatherosclerotic intimal lesions and healed atherosclerotic plaques. Certain preexisting intimal lesions have intimal thickening and fatty streaks and adult lesions can arise from these Intimal thickening mainly involves the smooth muscles cells which lie in a proteoglycan-rich matrix. In early lesions, moderate cell replication can occur, but in adult lesions, they are mainly cl onal. Fatty streaks are basically intimal xanthomata in which there is accumulation of fat-laden macrophages. These lesions have lesser number of smooth muscle cells and lesser number of T-lymphocytes. These are nonatherosclerotic lesions. In progressive atherosclerosis lesions, there can be stable or non stable plaques. The plaques have intimal thickening with deposition of lipid. But there is no evidence of necrosis. Smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans overly the area of plaques along with T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Healed atherosclerotic plaques are those which have had thrombotic lesions, but have recovered.  

Case Studies Homework Essay Example for Free

Case Studies Homework Essay Sally is suffering from a debilitating illness which will eventually rob of her speech and mobility. She has requested that the hospital staff do not resuscitate her if she has a heart attack. This is a limitation on use of restrictions on rights because Sally does not want the right to life anymore if it means that she cannot speak and move without help. A pregnant single woman wants to abort her baby. However, the natural father wants her to keep the child. This freedom of expression as the woman has the rights to her own body and she can say what she wants and decide what she wants to happen to the baby as it is her body. An atheist teacher at a Roman Catholic school feels he has been prevented from gaining promotion due to his religious beliefs. This is a prohibition of discrimination because he should be treat professionally and not any different because of his religious beliefs. An asylum seeker is being threatened with expulsion from the United Kingdom. He is frightened to return to his home country because of threats of detainment or even death. He expressed political views against the government; he knows he won’t get a fair trial. This is against the right to life as his life could be taken away by others. It is also against the prohibition of torture because he could be tortured by others in his home country. Also, it is against the right to a fair trial and no punishment without law because he would not be given a fair trial in his country and be punished without breaking the law.

Overview: Working with Pediatric Patients

Overview: Working with Pediatric Patients OBJECTIVES The main purpose in learning how to work with pediatric patients is to have a clear idea of the potential challenges a medical assistant may encounter when dealing with this patient population. There are many topics to cover, including but not limited to: Understanding correctly the language used within the different pediatric age groups, learning how to effectively communicate with toddlers, adolescents and parents along with finding best practices to proper document basic and vital pediatric information like: height, weight, circumference measurements, pulse, respiratory rates, blood type screening, as well as body motor developing, sensory and language milestones throughout the patient growth. Other important skills to learn are immunization guidelines along with the proper time in which vaccinations have to be administered. At the same time, describing appropriately and effectively different signs and changes during puberty, including secondary sex characteristics. Last, but no least, providing parents with education guidelines for safety along with discussing social issues that are affecting our youth’ health today. Pediatric age classifications and proper communication Although often we may perceive the word â€Å"pediatric† as babies or toddlers, this conception is wrong. In reality, when we refer to pediatric we are covering from new born through 18 years of age. The medical assistant must be knowledgeable in all stages and must be able to handle the challenges these bring forth. The following terms are critical to understand and it is imperative to learn how they are related to one another in communication skills, patient/parents education and documentation. The age ranges are classified as follows: Newborn.- It is the initial period following birth Neonate.- It is the first month of life Infant.- It is the first year of life Toddler.- From the first year of life to preschool age Child.- It often starts with school attendance into the middle childhood Adolescent.- Puberty starts here, reproduction is possible and development of secondary sex characteristics It is highly recommended to practice appropriate communication based in the patient’s age and the patient’s family. Speaking down to or over the head of an individual often creates barriers in the patient responses. It is very important to speak the language that both, the patient and his/her parents understand. When talking to a parent is vital to remain professional and call by their name, in the other hand, when talking with small children who often have not developed verbal interactions, it may be appropriate to communicate through expressions or motions. When speaking with older children or adolescent, communication barriers may come up. Never assume a meaning or intention. Always attempt to clarify what a patient is communicating; it is valid to consider that the patient may be testing the caregiver’s reactions to words or phrases. Communication, if appropriately used, can be a major tool for great evaluations and examinations. It can increase the patient confidence to the healthcare provider and as result; enable high quality health care to the patient. Infant/Toddler Measurements Infants and toddlers grow at an impressive velocity, therefore accurate and consistent measurements are highly necessary to evaluate normal or abnormal development patterns. This practice is helpful in identifying any potential health issues in which early detection will be the key to prompt prevention procedures Height and weight measurements in children at young age can be a clear indicator of potential health issues. Therefore, the medical assistant must be proficient in obtaining and recording this vital information. Being accurate is essential, especially during the early years. Indicators of questionable health may be determined based not only on initial size, but on growth pattern or trends. The National Center for Health Statistics provides charts for height, weight and head circumference. These charts use percentiles, which compare the child’s measurements with an average range of growth for children in the United States. Many factors come to play when assessing measures, one of them is familial stature, gestational age at birth, and chronic disease. When measuring the height of an infant is recommended to get another person to help, when possible, children under 2 years of age are measured in a horizontal position with the body fully extended, although a â€Å"caliper† (an instrument used to measure the distance between two points) is used by most practitioners, some clinics still use a tape measure to complete this task. Children with two years of age or more can be measured while standing. This procedure should be done by removing the patient’s shoes and having the patient’s heels, back and head in the same plane, it is a good practice having the patient standing against the wall. The same can be obtained with the use of an upright physician’s scale. Weight measurement gives another way of asses the pediatric patient’s growth and development, as with height, accurate measurement documentation is used based in the statistics chart provided by the NCHS (National Center of Health Statistics). Young infants are weighed directly on an infant scale, ideally they should be weighed naked or in a diaper. Any item on the scale, aside of the child should be considered to add or subtract when taking measurements. As children get older, techniques must adapted to the patient’s comfort, young children can be weighed in their underwear and using a standing scale. As they go into school age, a gown can be worn for more comfortable and accurate evaluation. The weight of the gowns and/or underwear do not have to determine at this age because of the constant fluctuation of ounces in these children would not be significant as they would for an infant. In the other hand, the use of accurate equipment is much more important and vital. Head circumference and chest circumference is another source of health evaluation. Knowing the traceability of the cranium and the brain is critical in the kid’s health. Abnormally large or small head size must be monitored. Patient’s may encounter macrocephaly which is an abnormally growth of the head circumference larger than 97th. Percentile. Before jumping to conclusions, familial or generic trends need to be considered. In the other hand, microcephaly, the abnormally small head may also indicate a pathologic condition, such as chromosomal disorder. When the head is measured, it is important to always measure the same area at all times; it is recommended to it just above the eyebrows. The information can document in either inches or centimeters according to office protocol. The chest measurement may or may not be done due to various locations being measured. This procedure is an additional calculation that is used to identify low birth weights in preterm babies and may also be used when there is a suspicion of lung or heart disease Pediatric Vital Signs Obtaining vital signs can be challenging at times, bold pressures are usually not taken until the age of two. Cuffs are used to measure blood pressure and they come in a variety of size and themes to make this task as pleasant as possible for the patient, although the use of new or unfamiliar equipment is often traumatic for a young child, many offices acquire equipment that is appealing to children. A good practice is to allow the child to safely touch and test the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope as well as mock with either a doll, stuffed animal or to a parent. The pulse in the young child varies with age and growth. The young infant or toddler may be very active, thereby increase the pulse rate. The primary location for measuring pulse in infants and young children are different than the location in adults. The radial artery is normally used to check on older kids and adults, at the same time, for infants and young children, the femoral or brachial arteries are the choices for patients of this age group. Another way of measuring pulse is through auscultation which is listening to the heart with stethoscope Respirations in the infant and toddler can be measured with the pulse. The rates will vary, depending on the level of activity or illness. Let’s keep in mind that a fever can elevate the respiratory and pulse rates. Obtaining an accurate body temperature is another skill that is essential for medical assistant. Fevers are very common in pediatric patients and they are more frequent compare to adults. There various methods to measure body temperature. In children and adolescents, auditory or aural readings are quick and relatively comfortable. Infants with two months of age or less are best evaluated with a temporal thermometer. Another option is obtaining rectal temperature reading. Pediatrics measurements and vital signs are key evaluation tools for identification of any potential disorders Pediatric Development Aside of the measurements discussed earlier, other areas of growth and development include motor, sensory and language development. There are different milestones that indicate acceptable growth and development patterns. These milestones are used a guidelines to determine the normal growth in children, especially during the first two years of age, it is important to keep in mind that some children reach these sooner or later compared to others, however this is completely normal. Motor development usually includes three areas of growth: reflexes, gross motor and fine motor skills, Reflexes refer to automatic responses to any stimulation. The following are the most common reflexes: Breathing, sucking, rooting, swimming, grasping and moro. Gross motor skills include motions such as rolling, scooting, crawling and walking. Fine motor skills develop utilizing smaller movements, these include touching, grabbing, poking, pulling, and pinching. Sensory Development are related to vision and hearing senses along with the deep perception and motion assessment. Any single area that exhibits impairments will affect the growth in other areas of development. Visual development involves increasing distances in sight as brain matures. Color perception also develops as the child grows. In the other hand, hearing improves in normal development as the child matures Language Development from infancy forward, the child begins with noises that elicit response. These become words, phrases and finally sentences. The timing in which these occur may be different due to educational and environmental circumstances Visual and Auditory screenings are conducted as way of measurement the sensory development and to avoid potential problems that can be treated and corrected. Prior to school age some visual milestones are evaluated: blinking, fixation on objects, coordination of eye movements, and reaching for objects, shaking ere movements and wandering eyes. Hearing screening in the newborn and infant begins. Lack of hearing is often interpreted as intellectual delay. Clues include responses to loud noises, facial expressions and turning head toward noises. As the child matures, more formal testing of hearing can be completed. Audiometric equipment can be used for this purpose. Vaccinations or immunizations have been recommended by the World Health Organization in a constant effort to prevent the spread identified diseases. History shows that infectious diseases have led to worldwide epidemics and studies show that the infant fatality rate decrease due to the use of vaccinations, UNICEF studies show that these include smallpox, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, HIB, hepatitis B, measles, mumps and rubella Pediatric visits include schedules of specifics vaccinations from the country in which the patient lives. The medical assistant is usually responsible for administration of these vaccinations, either orally, topically, or by injection. It is the job of the medical assistant to educate patient regarding the risks and side effects of each individual vaccine. As well as direct them to websites in which they can learn more about this topic. Documentation of the vaccine given must be through, the type, the lot number, the method of administration, and location of injections is placed in the patient record or immunization log. It is an important job of the medical assistant performing pediatric injections. Proper skills need to be developing for the comfort and safety of the patient to avoid physical or emotional trauma. Most pediatric injections are given intramuscularly. An important part of the medical assistant job is to calm the patient before and after the injection. Blood screenings are done to all infants through their capillaries and they may occur within the first seven days of life. Some blood screening is done if symptoms are present or it the presence of family disease. These could be â€Å"sickle cell anemia†, â€Å"IRT†, â€Å"Hypothyroidism†, â€Å"Homocystinuria†, â€Å"Ketonuria†, â€Å"and Galactosemia†. Circumcision or removal of foreskin of the penis is very common on newborn infants while they are still in the hospital; however there are occasions in which due to unforeseen circumstances this procedure is done in the pediatrics’ office which could turn in complications. Adolescent Care could be very challenging for the medical assistant. This is when the secondary sex characteristics become more obvious. At this age in when youths could show manners of independency and even exploration of new avenues such as drugs, alcohol and other substances. Communication could also be challenging with care giver. The communication could persuade embarrassment and nonprofessional. It is important to remain nonjudgmental and at the same time show empathy and professional company. Adolescent can present hug concerns for their height and weight due the influence of society and media with unrealistic and unhealthy standards, therefore the importance of being sensitive when discussing with young people about normal height and weights Puberty brings sexual changes and reproduction becomes a possibility. During this time estrogen and progesterone hormones are increasing in girls. In the other hand, boys will have the increase in the production of testosterone. Secondary sex characteristics are the visual changes seen when boys and girls as they grow to become adults. These are features that are not necessarily related to reproduction, these are voice changes, breasts, shoulder widening and facial hair. Behavioral and Mental Health Issues such as depression, eating disorders, abuse, suicide are thought to be primarily for adults, however they can also occur in the pediatric patients. The health professional must be aware of these signs and symptom in order to provide diagnosis and treatment to these problems

Analysing Heat Transfer And Insulation Engineering Essay

Analysing Heat Transfer And Insulation Engineering Essay When two bodies at different temperatures are placed near each other or they are kept in contact, heat flows from a body at a higher temperature to the body at lower temperature. The transfer of heat from one body to the other, or from one part of a body to the other part, can take place by three different processes-conduction, convection and radiation. The total transfer of heat form one body to other can be by one or more than one of the above three modes. Thermal or heat transfer thus takes place through: conduction-a process of transfer of energy due to the differences in the temperature, convection-is the up and down movement of gas and liquids, and radiation-a process by which energy directly passes from one body to another. Heat is transferred by the process of conduction when particles of the medium at different temperatures are in direct or indirect physical contact. Thus conduction is a process of transfer of heat from the hot end to the cold end, form particle to particle of the medium. The rate that an object transfers heat through conduction is called thermal conductivity. An object with low conductivity will transfer heat slower than an object with high conductivity. This is why some substances are used as insulators while others are used in applications such as cooking. In general, solids are better conductors of heat than are liquids and gases. Metals are the best thermal conductors while non-metal solids tend to be poor conductors. In building mechanism (structure of machine), thermal conduction plays a vital role. Thermal insulation  in buildings is an important factor to achieving  thermal comfort  for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of  heating and cooling systems. Insulation can just refer to the  insulation materials  employed to slow heat loss, such as:  cellulose,  glass wool,  rock wool,  polystyrene,  urethane foam,  vermiculite (type of chemical insulation), and earth or soil. But it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer conduction, radiation and convection materials. There are various ways through which heat escapes our homes. As our houses are built on cold soil or rocks, heat directly flows down into the Earth by conduction. Heat travels by conduction through the solid walls and roof of our houses. On the outside, the outer walls and the roof tiles are hotter than the atmosphere around them, so the cold air near to them heats up and flows away by convection. Heaters use fuels and air conditioners uses lots of electricity, which is why insulation is used. Insulation makes the house comfortable and keeps the temperature of house cool in summers and warm in winters. It is very useful to keep the temperature of the house independent from outside temperature. How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. In cold regions, most houses use insulation. Most of the homes are fitted with cavity wall with two layers of brick or block between the inner rooms and the outer atmosphere and an air gap between the walls. The air gap reduces heat losses from the walls by both conduction and  convection: conduction, because theres relatively little air between the walls and its sealed in, so convection currents cant really circulate. The best way to insulate is to fill the air gap with expanding foam or other insulators. Cavity walls are often filled with loosely packed, air-filled materials such as vermiculite, shredded  recycled  paper, or  glass  fibers, it traps the heat and prevents it from escaping. Since warm air rises, plenty of heat escapes through the roof of the houses. Most people also have insulation inside the roof, also known as the loft area, of their homes. Loft insulation is generally made from the same materials as cavity-wall fillings-such things as rock wool and fiberglass. Wall and roof insulation cuts down on heat losses by conduction. Double-glazed windows have two panes of  glass  separated by a sealed air gap. The air stops heat losses by conduction, while the extra pane of glass reflects more light and heat radiation back into home and reduces heat losses. If a thin reflective metallic coating or made from special thermal glazing (such as Pilkington-K, which traps heat a bit like a greenhouse) is added to the windows, the heat loss will reduce further. Window insulation film  can be applied to reduce heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Pipe insulation  is also important in buildings for pipes that carry heated or cooled fluids.. In industry, energy has to be expended (extended) to raise, lower, or maintain the temperature of objects or process fluids. If these are not insulated, this increases the heat energy requirements of a process, and therefore the cost and environmental impact. In hot regions, the greatest source of heat is the solar radiation, which enters the buildings through windows, heat the building shell and causing the heat transfer to increase through the building envelope. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun,  light colored roofing, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and various  types of insulation  for the rest of the envelope.   The graphs above represent a comparison study between the insulation capacity of Cellulose and Fiber glass. http://www.msgreenconstruction.com/uploads/images/cellulose-insulation-r-value.png Cellulose is basically glucose-tapped from recycled newspapers, magazines and cardboard which are treated with chemicals to produce an insulating material with varying properties. Fire resistant chemicals are added to cellulose to increase the efficacy*. Fiberglass is an artificial synthetic fiber that consists of calcium silicates, aluminum and other metals. There are various benefits consumers receive with the use of conduction and/or insulation systems in their houses. Some of the benefits include: It is energy-efficient It is cost-effective, durable Their uses doesnt cause any harm to the surrounding environment. It provides more uniform temperatures throughout the space. It has minimal recurring expense. Unlike heating and cooling equipment, insulation is permanent and does not require maintenance, upkeep, or adjustment. It absorbs noise and vibrations coming form both the outside and from other rooms inside the house, thus producing a more comfortable occupant environment Thermal insulation materials fixed on inside surface of the room walls prevent condensation on interior walls and ceiling. There are also limitations to the use of insulation systems, like the use of cellulose for insulation attracted many rodents to the house. . The main technical limitations of fiberglass matting as insulation are poor structural strength, poor compression (to shorten) resistance, permeability to moisture and a tendency to settle after installation if not properly installed. There are many areas in insulated houses which lack of sufficient insulation, like the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure. During rainy seasons, most of paints used to absorb or emit heat are washed away or gets dull, even metals rusts. Most of the above limitations are solved by science and technology. As the use of cellulose on wooden pipes and furniture attracts rodents, after many experiments they made cellulose which wont attract rodents. As paints gets dull or washed away with rain and metals rust, scientists have devised new un-washable paints and metals are coated with other substances that wont rust or wash away with rain water. Environment- In countries which experiences extremely harsh winters and hot summers, cane reed offers better insulation than brick. This keeps heating and cooling costs down, which translates into energy savings as well as cost savings for the family. It also contributes towards a reduction in the dependency on foreign solid fuel sources and reduces pollution. The cane reed used in the house construction is a locally produced, renewable resource. Harvested (grown) annually, reeds sustain life in ponds and lakes; their roots also stabilize the surrounding earth, preventing soil erosion. The use of the reeds also reduces dependence on, and misuse of, forests. Other building materials used in the process are sourced locally, including the pipes used in the under-floor heating system, which are produced locally by a partner company. The use of insulation even reduces the use of heaters and air conditioners, in turn saving fuel and reducing pollution. Economic- Buildings made of cane reeds area helps the local economy by employing a community labor force to harvest the reeds which are woven into the timber frame, as well as gathering the clay, sand and mud used to fortify the reed. In some cases, residents have been able to obtain permanent employment as a result of the training received during the construction process. The cane reed technology increases affordability as it offers a 40 per cent reduction in housing cost compared with conventional brick housing. Plans are currently underway for the development of a Building and Training Centre where all construction materials to be used in Habitat homes will be produced, further decreasing the costs to participating families. Social- As these buildings are easy to make every body in the family and community takes part in making it, they found a improved way of living as they are no longer required to gather firewood, wash dishes and clothes outside by hand and cook in a confined space. They have time and energy to pursue work outside the home, therefore helping to increase household income. The reduction in the use of solid fuels has also resulted in decreased levels of indoor air pollution and has consequently improved health, with a particular fall in respiratory illnesses.   Thus, an insulated home is comfortable as the temperature remains consistent over weather changes. It makes the house comfortable and keeps the temperature of house cool in summers and warm in winters. Effective use of insulation is necessary for each and every people who face harsh summers or winters. It helps them to stay warm and cozy in their homes, while contributing less to global warming and pollution. With the increase in the uses of insulation, the use of heater and air conditioning units will reduce. The use of fuels and other non-renewable sources will also be automatically reduced as this is a natural technique of absorbing or emitting heat. If the use of air conditioning units and heaters keeps on increasing, then there will be drastic effect on the climatic changes. To keep our surrounding safe as well as save natural resources for the upcoming generations, insulating our homes instead of using air conditioners, heaters, and other technologies which cause harm to the en vironment, is essential . Though insulation is expensive, its worth as its durable and doesnt have a recurring cost unlike other means.

Herzog And De Meuron, The Phil :: essays research papers

Herzog and de Meuron work together as architect partners. Their designs for most of their buildings have a common or similar nature. This nature carries out the simplicity of the shape of a box, which consists of a flat roof and large windows. This design gives the characteristics of Herzog and de Meuron’s buildings. In other words, we can say that this is their buildings’ identity. Indeed, this design is very similar to Frank Lloyd Wright’s design, which also shows today’s modern style of architecture. Their designs both carry the philosophy of â€Å"organic architecture†. This means the building is designed to fit its natural surroundings. Even the form of the building is designed to develop from its environment. So to speak, we can say that the building seems to grow out of its natural surroundings. In short, Herzog and de Meuron, as well as Frank Lloyd Wright, both design building in their natural form, assimilating its form to the environment. As we notice the design in Herzog and de Meuron’s Plywood House shows the organic form of architecture, we can say that they believed that the architectural form must ultimately be determined in each case by the particular function of the building. Thus, the building’s environment and the type of materials employed in the structure carries out the reason why such material is chosen for the building. Clearly, plywood is the main architectural material for the Plywood House. Indeed, this is a very suitable material for the surrounding environment. The reason is because this material provides the organic feel of the countryside. In fact, this chosen material has very much influenced the shapes of the building. There are no curves, nor bay window in the design of the building, and therefore, as we can see from the plan of the building there are only straight lines of the walls of the building. (See plan of drawing) Metaphorically speaking, the building is like boxes that co nnect to each other. Consequently, we can say that plywood is not a very flexible material that it would be difficult to provide curves for the building. Plywood consists of several layers, or plies, of wood thoroughly bonded to one another by glue or synthetic resins. The layers are laid with the grain in different directions, generally perpendicular to one another, and therefore, the resultant sheet of plywood is equally strong in all directions.

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Essays -- History Cub

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Introduction In the formation of the Cuban nation, the role of Afro-Cubans is undeniably of great importance. The success and riches obtained by Cuba as a Spanish colony would have been unthinkable without the exploitation of African slave labor. Even before emancipation, there were key figures in the Cuban independence movement, such as Antonio Maceo, who were free men of Afro-Cuban origin. After emancipation in 1886, Afro-Cuban ex-slaves showed their enthusiasm for their future in Cuba by volunteering in large numbers to fight in the Liberation Army. Yet in the victory over the Spanish in 1898, Afro-Cubans were given little recognition for their overwhelming support, and were bypassed for positions of authority during the American occupation. The Americans generally appointed white Cuban exiles or Spanish soldiers over Afro-Cubans, destroying the hopes many had of finally receiving their "rightful share", in the words of historian Aline Helg. Helg’s book Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuba n Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912, discusses these repeated disappointments felt by Afro-Cubans. In 1902 Cubans were at last free to govern themselves, and a constitution was drafted declaring all men equal, and granting universal male suffrage. Yet whites still dominated the positions of power in Cuba, and justified themselves by adhering to a myth that racial equality had been established (Helg, 70). Dissatisfied with their lot, Afro-Cubans again participated in large numbers in a revolution, this time under the liberal Jose Miguel Gomez, who promised them improved representation in government positions. Following the disappointment surrounding the 1908 elections, Afro-Cubans began to d... ...top sacrificing everything for the good of Cuba. They had to love themselves and recognize their personal value; then they had to love their families, then, their race; and then, only after all this, their homeland" (241). The myth, or maybe ideal of racial equality and unity had been forgotten. The failure of Afro-Cubans to attain equality in Cuba was the result of a racist societal hierarchy dominated by a white upper class. The more Afro-Cubans pushed for reforms, the more whites resisted. Eventually, Afro-Cuban tactics became more radical, which led to the violent response to the Partido Independiente de Color. The ideal of fraternity between the races, held by the Cuban revolutionary heroes Maceo and Marti, was not able to survive. Resources Helg, Aline. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. UNC Press, Chapel Hill, 1995.

Business Plan †Tfbg Essay

Product The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. has designed and is now developing a line of enhanced water products using a micro-targeting strategy. Consumers will be able to choose from a diverse, yet highly specific product offering based on their supplemental dietary or hydration needs. Each product will be optimized for vitamin content, electrolyte content, caloric content, and energy boost. We are currently in the process of developing three (3) of the targeted formulations. What makes our enhanced water products so unique is that all of these products will contain levels of Vitamin D3. Our major competitors – from Sobe, to VitaminWater, to Propel, and the rest – do not have enhanced waters that contain Vitamin D3. Because of the amounts of research data available, we may be able to make health claims concerning our formulations – claims that the other functional waters can’t make. Currently, there is no major marketer of a functional water product containing Vitamin D3. Why Vitamin D3? – Over the last two years, there has been a rash of research emerging concerning the lack of Vitamin D in our diets. Many physicians agree that the levels of Vitamin D suggested by current U.S. guidelines are insufficient. The lack of Vitamin D in the diet is beginning to gain notoriety by obstetricians, gynecologists, oncologists, pediatricians, and orthopedists across the country giving rise to what is being labeled as a new â€Å"epidemic† – Vitamin D deficiency. Our Technology – Vitamin D has chemical properties which causes it to be virtually insoluble in water. Therefore, a beverage company would need to develop the technology to dissolve Vitamin D3 into a water product using food grade ingredients while at the same time making a product that is pleasing in both taste and appearance. The Research and Development Team of The Functional Beverage Group has developed the technology to accomplish these goals. We are now seeking raise capital in order to finalize our formulation development and bring these product formulations to market. Investment Opportunity A $500,000 initial investment (available in units of $10,000 each) provides an equity position in The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. This funding will allow the FBG to complete initial development of its product line, develop informational web-site, and cover the legal fees and other expenses related to the completion of the second round of funding for the development of the operating company – Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc. Exit Strategy Our research has shown that most beverage companies are in the acquisition and/or partnering mode. Recently, many small beverage makers have been purchased by larger entities such as Coke, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper/Snapple. Some of the more recent purchases include Coca-Cola’s purchases of Glaceau’s VitaminWater and SmartWater brands ($4.1 billion), Fuze Beverage ($327 million), Agua Brisa ($92 million), and Jugos del Valle ($456 million). Of more interest to The Functional Beverage Group is the recent investment of approximately $5 million the Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group made into Hydrive Energy, LLC. The Functional Beverage Group believes that our functional waters containing D3 will be a good fit for any of those organizations and therefore we can offer an attractive exit plan for our investors. In an otherwise sluggish merger-and-acquisitions market, successful beverage firms are still the darlings of Wall Street deal makers. According to the December 9, 2009 edition of the Wall Street Journal, November was the biggest month in over a year for deals involving consumer products and food and drinks firms with $12.54 billion in acquisitions. One of those companies for sale is Cliffstar Corp., a New York based fruit-juice and sports-drink maker. Cliffstar has hired Morgan Stanley to conduct an auction and has entered a second round of bidding, said several people familiar with the matter. Closely held Cliffstar has annual earnings around $75 million and is seeking seven to eight times earnings, which would put it a sales price at $500 million to $600 million, according to the article. Budget Statement Our revenue and expense projections are based on exhaustive industry research based on the cost to manufacture and market a new beverage product. In estimating revenues, we look at three products currently on the market: 1) Wal-Mart’s Acai-based Energy Drink, 2) Hy-Drive Energy Drink, and 3) DRANK Relaxation drink. These products are thought to be some of the most innovative products at the time of their introduction. Our revenue projections are conservative. If we can achieve early adoption into the major retailers like Wal-Mart or Target, we can far exceed those revenue projections. Our initial investors will become members of The Functional Beverage Group, Inc – an intellectual property development organization. Because The Functional Beverage Group, Inc will have few expenses and we expect to become profitable by Year 2. Most of these profits will be distributed as dividends to our shareholders. Figure 1. The Functional Beverage Group, Inc – 5 Yr Revenue Projections [pic] The Functional Beverage Group, Inc will maintain an approximate 40% stake in Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc (FFBI). FFBI will have the primary responsibility of manufacturing and market products licensed from The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. Figure 2. Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc – 5 Yr Sales Projections [pic] 2. The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. The Functional Beverage Group, Inc (The FBG), an Illinois Corporation was established in 2009 with a one core purpose – to become the preeminent supplier of functional or enhanced water products. The FBG is developing a line of functional water products based on the diverse needs of the functional water consumer. The consumer will be able to choose from a diverse yet highly specific product offering for their supplemental dietary or hydration needs. Each product is optimized for vitamin content, electrolyte content, caloric content, and energy boost. Our marketing will focus on grass roots efforts as well as forming alliances, partnerships, and promotional agreements with A-List celebrities to produce other unique marketing angles. Our business model will be split into three separate entities: 1) The Functional Beverage Group, Inc – an intellectual property organization responsible for the development and licensing of proprietary enhanced water products and other beverages to be produced and marketed by its subsidiary operating company, Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc. 2) Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc – the operating company responsible for the manufacturing of products developed by The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc will have the exclusive right to manufacture and market products developed by The Functional Beverage Group, Inc. Functional Foods & Beverages will be managed by individuals with food and beverage industry experience. Although this organization will be managed by beverage industry professionals, selected members of the Functional Beverage Group, Inc will act as consultants to the organization. 3) Functional Beverage Real Estate Holdings, LLC – a real estate holding company responsible for acquiring any land and buildings associated with the manufacturing and distribution of products sold by Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc. The Functional Real Estate Holdings, LLC will seek to locate facilities in areas where they can take advantage of incentives such as TIF financing, property tax concessions, and vacant or unused property incentives. [pic] Figure 3. Proposed Operating Structure 3. Management Team Our core management team consists of: Shelby Parchman, President – MS Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology. Mr. Parchman has worked in new product development in the pharmaceutical and nutrition arenas for both Baxter Healthcare Corporation and the Amoco Corporation (Now BP). Mr. Parchman has years of experience working in the manufacture and formulation of analogs of Vitamin D3. In addition, he has a 15-year track record of success in working with start-up and entrepreneurial organizations. Mr. Parchman’s background in product development and nutrition has been instrumental in developing the unique features and formulations of our product mix. Edward A. Williams, Corporate Treasurer – JD, DePaul University School of Law, CPA (Licensed in IL & IN). Mr. Williams specializes in legal matters in the following practice areas: Tax Law, Tax Planning, Tax Litigation, Civil Practice, and Federal Taxation. Mr. Williams has represented several notable clients including the late Bernie Mac. Marvin Rux, Business Organization and Management Consultant – JD North Carolina Central University School of Law, MBA University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Mr. Rux practiced law for more than 20 years, specializing in the following practice areas: Real Estate Law and Taxation, Business Law & Development, and Estate Planning. Mr. Rux, no longer actively practicing law, provides consulting services to business development and real estate investment clients. Christopher McGruder, VP of Marketing – BA Business Administration, Barrington University. Mr. McGruder has extensive Marketing, Public Relations and Executive Assistance experience via Edelman PR Worldwide, Merck & Company Pharmaceuticals and Morgan Stanley. His clients’ list includes several Fortune 100 Companies such as: Micro-Soft, Sears, Wrigley’s, KFC, Unilever, Kobel Champaign, Mike’s Hard Lemonade, Cub-Cadet, and Axe Body Spray. He was instrumental in the capabilities development and promotions, and execution of product initiatives and national campaigns. Charles Moss, Marketing and Promotions – BA Communications, Southern Illinois University, Mr. Moss has years of experience in the entertainment and recording industries. Through his organization, Chuck Moss Presents, he has worked with various recording artists in all aspects of management, marketing and promotions. Because his reach stretched from Los Angeles to New York, he has been able to develop a valuable network of celebrities in both the music and sports industry. Terrence Seaphus, Marketing Consultant – MS Marketing/Advertising, Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism. Mr. Seaphus is an individual who can conceptualize a project and follow through to completion. His experience at M&M Mars along with his Northwestern University Graduate School tenure set the foundation that gave him the tools to succeed in marketing, advertising, diversity training and sales. His understanding of how to take new products through different channels including distributors, retailers, wholesalers, and finally, the end-consumer requires a 21st Century integrated marketing effort which happens to be his background. Michael Vick, Marketing Consultant – Pro Football Player, Virginia Tech (College), Atlanta Falcons, Philadelphia Eagles. In addition to being an outstanding football player, Mr. Vick has a keen sense of marketing and salesmanship. In addition to being a partner, Mr. Vick has expressed interest in being our first signed celebrity endorser. In addition, Mr. Vick has a list of contacts who have expressed an interest in investing in our endeavor. Mr. Vick still has numerous fans and followers. His jersey is still a best seller in the NFL – a good testament to his marketing potential. Pamela Williams, Manufacturing Consultant – MS Chemical Engineering, Washington University. Ms. Williams is a dynamic leader with extensive experience in project management, process and mechanical equipment design, and manufacturing start-up. Her broad technical expertise and demonstrated ability to learn technology quickly will enable us to complete project milestones at a fast pace. Additionally, Ms. Williams has over 12 years of experience working in global manufacturing at Proctor and Gamble. Larry Williford, Project Management – MBA, MPM, Keller Graduate School of Business. Mr. Williford has extensive experience in project management. He is skilled at working with business units to create sound business strategies, as well as supporting technology strategies. Mr. Williford worked in the IT departments of the McDonald’s Corporation, CNA Financial Services, and the Motorola Corporation before starting his own IT Consulting Business – Premier Project Management, Inc. 4. Introduction Functional Waters The bottled water industry has experienced phenomenal growth over the last ten years. Although low cost tap water is readily available, there is still 71 million bottles of water consumed per day. In 2007, bottled water sales reached $15 billion. What’s fueling the demand for bottled water? Bottled water demand is powered by the health and fitness craze. Consumers are being told that drinking bottled water is healthy and they have responded to the call by increasing their consumption of bottled water on a year over year basis. As the consumer becomes even more health conscious, there is an increased demand for enhanced and functional waters. These enhanced and functional waters contain added ingredients such as vitamins and minerals that allow the manufacturer to claim health benefits related to these waters. Therefore, functional waters have a greater product distinction. Demographically, these enhanced waters are especially popular with 18-35 year olds. Industry Trends According to beverage industry experts, the beverage industry has been trending towards lighter, lower calorie beverages with an emphasis on taste, refreshment, and function. Functional or enhanced beverages have seen phenomenal growth for the years 2006-2009 where the industry saw sales of enhanced waters and sports drinks up by 36% and 16% respectively for the period. Sales growth has been modest (approximately 3% from Jan 2009 to May 2010) during the current recession. However, according to Coca-Cola and Pepsi, sales of the enhanced waters have kept overall beverage sales in the black. Figure 4. Beverage Industry Growth [pic] Source – Beverage Spectrum, June 23, 2010 Factors for Success of the Product According to Michael Bellas of the trade publication Beverage World (www.beverageworld.com), there are some key factors in making a new beverage product successful. These factors are: 1) Make product exciting for the younger consumer, 2) Let the label tell a good story – convince the consumer, 3) Create great and exciting flavors, and 4) Create added value and credibility. We took these factors into account as we designed our initial product offerings. 5. Product Plan Our initial product line is designed to address three relevant issues concerning vitamin supplements, obesity, and water quality. The three main product qualities are: 1) Fortified with Vitamin D3, 2) Natural, no-calorie natural sweeteners, and 3) Certified pharmaceutical free. 1. Fortified With Vitamin D3 Over the last two years, there has been a rash of research emerging concerning the lack of Vitamin D in our diets. Many physicians agree that the levels of Vitamin D suggested by current U.S. guidelines are insufficient. The lack of Vitamin D in the diet is beginning to gain notoriety by pediatricians and bone doctors across the country giving rise to a new â€Å"epidemic† – Vitamin D deficiency. The Functional Beverage group has designed a line of â€Å"Health Waters† that include levels of Vitamin D3. We will design our marketing campaign around the concerns for the lack of Vitamin D in the diet along with the health benefits of supplementing Vitamin D in the diet. Because there is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† recommendation for the amount of Vitamin D that should be supplemented in the diet, we have designed different formulations for targeted groups. This keeps in line with our strategy of micro-targeted waters. Therefore, in addition to optimizing our formulations for taste, other vitamins, sugar content, etc, we will also optimize for the levels of Vitamin D suggested for our targeted groups. 2. Stevia – The Natural, No-Calorie Sweetener The Functional Beverage Group has chosen an extract of the Stevia plant as the primary sweetener in our enhanced water products. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal highlighted Pepsi’s and Coke’s development of products using the Stevia plant (see WSJ, July 31, 2008 – Beverage Wars Take on New Flavor). Massimo d’Amore, chief executive of PepsiCo’s beverage business in the Americas states that – â€Å"This is probably the biggest change in the formulation of beverages since the initial days of artificial sweeteners.† 3. Certified Pharmaceutical Free As evidence mounts of contaminants in some public water systems, unease about the water supply is growing. As detection technology improves, utilities are finding more contaminants in water systems. In early 2008, media reports of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in water across the country drew attention from U.S. Senators and environmental groups, who are now pushing for regulations of these substances in water systems. Health concerns extend to bottled waters according to the National Defense Research Council. A lot of bottled water is actually tap water. Consequently, there is no assurance that what is coming from the bottle is any safer than what is coming from the tap, according to their studies. The Functional Beverage Group will certify each lot of water to be free of all pharmaceutical compounds. These results will be verified and/or tested by independent testing laboratories. In order to insure water of the highest purity, we will start with purified spring water. If necess ary, we will process/polish our feed water to a level of high purity utilizing industry standard methods. 6. Initial Product Design â€Å"†¦beverage marketers may be best served – and this is the key point – by classifying products according to the new evolving need states that define our consumer.† – Michael Bellas â€Å"Barrington’s [School District 202] dairy dilemma is an example of a discussion playing out across the country, as educators try to reconcile two concerns: childhood obesity and insufficient calcium intake. Even some experts have trouble coming up with a satisfying answer.† – Chicago Tribune, Nov. 19, 2009 Formulations We will formulate and bottle our products using purified Wisconsin spring water. Our initially proposed products are: 1) Infant Water, Certified Pharmaceutical Free (CPF) – This product is the same as any nursery water sold on the store shelves today. However, each bottle will contain a CPF label stating that we have tested the water and certified it to be free of any detectable levels of pharmaceuticals. What concerned mother wouldn’t choose our product over one that has not been certified? 2) X-Y-Teen (Young G) Formula – The target market for this formula will be children in grades K-12. This formula, containing Calcium, Vitamin D3, protein, and natural sweeteners will be marketed directly to school nutritionists/dieticians as a suitable alternative to milk. According to an article in the November 12, 2009 edition of the Chicago Tribune, there is a discussion playing out across the country as educators try to reconcile two concerns: childhood obesity and insufficient calcium and Vitamin D intake. According to the article, even some experts have trouble coming up with a satisfying answer. This product is the satisfying answer. 3) Women’s Formula – Designed to supplement nutritional requirements of women especially those of childbearing age. Our formulation will contain Calcium, Vitamin D3, and other vitamins and minerals important to women’s health. In addition, emerging research suggests the daily consumption of 1,000 IU of Vitamin D3 is associated with the support of breast health. A claim we can make in the marketing of our product. 4) General (Active Adult) Formula – A formula for the masses that contain low levels of Vitamin D3, Calcium, and other electrolytes. This formula is designed for the consumer to drink multiple bottles per day, hence the lower levels of vitamins and minerals. This formula will compete with the more mainstream â€Å"vitamin enhanced† water products and is targeted to replace the ever decreasing carbonated soft drink market. 5) Extreme Sports Formula – This product is designed for professional athletes and amateurs who participate in endurance sports or multiple bouts of intense exercise. The product contains Calcium and Vitamin D3 for stronger bones as well as increased amounts of electrolytes for more complete hydration. This formula is designed for the rigors of professional sports and can have variations for other professional sports endorsers. The target market consists of professional athletes and amateurs who participate in endurance sports or multiple bouts of intense exercise. We are designing an MV-7 formulation of the Extreme Sports formula for Michael Vick’s comeback to the NFL. This formulation is to be sold in markets where Michael Vick has a strong marketing and brand recognition presence. Additionally, we are in discussions with Pierre Thomas of the New Orleans Saints to come aboard as an endorser. Our future product offerings may include: 1) Winter Formula – This formulation will include higher levels of vitamin D for the winter months to address the lack of sunlight available in winter months. 2) Acai Berry Formula – Acai berries, found in the Amazon, are believed to have some very healthy qualities. Wal-Mart has recently entered the market for Acai Berry Juice and sold approximately $40 million worth of the juice within the first 90 days. 3) Baby Boomer’s Formula – A formulation designed for active adults who are ages 45 and older. The target demographic has a keen awareness of health related issues and an above average amount of disposable income. 4) Other Formulas – These can include energy drinks, other enhanced water formulations, natural juices, and alcohol based beverages. Container Design Because Vitamin D is sensitive to both light and oxygen (air), the traditional plastic bottle is not suitable for our formulation designs. We look at that being an added bonus because it forces us to use a newer, up-scale, and more hip package design – the aluminum bottle. The use of this packaging further differentiates our beverages from the typical bottled water and vitamin waters. An added advantage to using the aluminum bottle is the ability to added extremely artistic graphics to the outside of the packaging – adding even more product distinction – without the expense of a separate label. According to CCL Container, manufacturer of an aluminum bottle product, the aluminum bottle offers distinct advantages, including the ability of top-to-bottom shaping, chill-retention, re-sealability and durability. The use of the aluminum bottle has added significance over the plastic bottle as well when it comes to the environment. Because there are more â€Å"green† initiatives implement by both federal and local environmental concerns, it is important that product packaging is forward looking in terms of meeting any new environmental regulations. According to the Recycling Revolution web site (www.recycling-revolution.com/recycling-facts.html), these facts, among others, are worth considering about the use of aluminum for packaging: 1. A used aluminum can is recycled and back on the grocery shelf as a new can, in as little as 60 days – a process known a closed-loop recycling. 2. Because so many of them are recycled, aluminum cans account for less than 1% of the total U.S. waste stream – according to EPA estimates. 3. Americans use 2,500,000 plastic bottles every hour with most of them being thrown away. After considering product stability, costs, and environmental issues, we have concluded that the aluminum bottle is the perfect packing for our product design. 7. Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, Licenses, Royalties We will seek trademark protection for all of our product brand names, designs, logos, and relevant phrases. In addition, we may patent some of our formulas and processes. However, we feel that keeping our formulations and processes a trade secret will offer better protection that securing a patent for the these items. We will review each situation on a case-by-case basis, in consultation with our legal team, as we make decisions on whether or not to pursue patent protection for any of our formulations or processes. 8. Government Approvals The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water as a food product. The FDA has established specific rules for bottled water, including Standard of Identity Regulations that define different types of bottled water, and Standard of Quality Regulations that establish minimum levels for contaminant (microbial, chemical, and radiological). The FDA has also established Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations for the processing and bottling of drinking water. These rules require that bottled water must be safe as well as processed, bottled, held and transported under sanitary conditions. Processing practices addressed in the cGMP regulations include protection of the water source from contamination, sanitation at the bottling facility, quality control to assure the bacteriological and chemical safety of source water, and sampling and testing of source water and the final product for microbiological, chemical, and radiological contaminants. Our bottling group will be required to maintain source approval and testing records in the event of any government inspection. Our bottling group may be subject to additional inspection by state and local licensing agency, health agencies, and/or environmental agencies. Procedures and protocols will be in place to ensure full compliance with all federal, state, and local rules and ordinances. In addition, all of our ingredients, including Vitamin D3, are on the FDA list of ingredients that are approved as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe). Consequently, no approvals are required for adding these ingredients to bottled water. However, there may some restrictions on how much can be added to the bottled water product. Our formulations will be well below those limits. 9. Product Liability We will purchase product liability insurance and/or an umbrella policy in addition to the product liability insurance coverage that is held by any of our suppliers. We are depending on our legal team to give us further guidance on the types and amounts of insurance we should obtain in order to protect the organization from any product liability or other claims. 10. Production All production will be performed by our subsidiary operating company Functional Foods & Beverages, Inc. In addition, we will qualify contract bottlers to ensure a continuum of production in the event our primary production facility is out of service or in the event we would need excess production capacity in order to meet unanticipated product demand. 11. Marketing Plan – Fortified Beverages â€Å"†¦beverage marketers will open new vistas for growth. Their size and growth opportunities will be different; their product positioning will be more specific.† – Michael Bellas (Beverage World) Three simple goals As we market our products and create brand awareness, we have three simple goals we look to accomplish: 1) Convert non-bottled water drinkers to enhanced bottled water drinkers, 2) Convert bottled water drinkers to enhanced bottled water drinkers, and 3) Convert others from competitor’s products. Our marketing plan is designed to efficiently accomplish these goals. A multi-prong approach We are devising a multi-prong approach to our marketing efforts. We will develop a sales force to create relationships and alliances with people and organizations of influence in our target markets. Figure 6. Marketing Plan [pic] Target Market – School Districts Across the Nation One of the first formulations the FBG will design and develop will be the Young G formulation. This formulation which contains Calcium, Vitamin D3, protein, and reduced sugars, is an excellent alternative to milk. Children need about 32 ounces of milk daily just to get the recommended allotment of vitamin D. It is difficult getting children to drink eight ounces of milk, let alone 32 ounces. Our Vitamin D3 fortified Young G formulation is the drink for them. Having no fat and fewer calories than 2% milk also makes this an attractive product to highlight in First Lady Michelle Obama’s new Childhood Obesity Initiative. The size of this market is enormous. If we count only the children receiving subsidized lunches in the school system, we have a market that is 31 million children strong in more than 100,000 schools. Target Market – Sports Fans We are very fortunate to have professional football player Michael Vick as a member of our founding group. Mr. Vick immediately saw the potential of our proposed formulations and did not hesitate to come on board. Another formulation in the stages of development is our MV-7 formulation. This formulation will be marketed as the drink developed for his return to the NFL. Having Mr. Vick on board establishes immediate brand recognition and credibility for our products. Currently, he is receiving tons of media attention every time he hiccups. This media attention is invaluable. For example, experts estimate that last year’s giveaway of free Grand Slam breakfasts by Denny’s generated roughly $50 million through free advertising. We look forward to cashing in on this media attention as well. Additionally, we are looking to sign additional celebrity endorsers from both the sports and entertainment arenas. We are currently in discussions with Pierre Thomas of the New Orleans Saints to bring him aboard as another celebrity endorser from the sports world. 12. Competition Profile There are numerous competitors in the market for enhanced water products. Even with numerous products on the market, new brands can be highly successful. It is a matter of carving out a position in the market where your product has the perception that it does something the others are not doing. As shown in Figure 6 below, there is no huge product distinction from the major functional water brands. Propel Fitness Water includes calcium for â€Å"stronger bones,† however Vitamin D is required in order for the human body to absorb calcium. While it may be obvious to consider our major competitors to be other â€Å"vitamin† water products, we beg to differ. We feel that our major competitors and target market would be those who drink milk or use some other form of Vitamin D fortified consumer product. These products include cereals, cereal bars, and yogurts. Because of extensive research into Vitamin D deficiency, these products can make specific claims on their labels – claims that the vitamin water products cannot make. Because our products are fortified with Vitamin D, we can make these same health claims. As a result, we can make this product stand well above the vitamin water products on the market. In the article Chocolate Milk Lovers Have a Cow About Bans, Chicago Tribune, November 12, 2009, it has been noted that children are not drinking white milk and that chocolate and strawberry milk products are too high in calories. The article goes on to express parents’ concerns that children are not getting enough Calcium because they are not drinking milk. The conclusion is that there is no suitable alternative to milk in the schools. We conclude then that milk is indeed our main competitor because we have designed the suitable alternative. Table 1. Competitive Comparison |Advantages |Drawbacks | |Milk | | |Well known source of Vitamin D & Calcium |Lactose intolerance in many individuals | |Source of Protein and essential fats |Not very portable – needs refrigeration | |Strong marketing campaign USDA subsidized in schools |Concerns about hormones | |$0.50 per 8 oz. serving |Flavors are high in calories | | |Limited shelf life | |Vitamin Waters | | |Brand recognition |Flavors are weak or medicine-like | |Large marketing budgets |No true â€Å"function† | |Moving towards healthier product lines |Product choices can be overwhelming | |Lower calories |Some have high sugar content | |Natural flavors |Not directly marketed to younger generation (target 18-35 year olds) | |$0.60 per 8 oz. serving | | |Functional Foods | | |Alternative sources of Vitamin D & Calcium |Some products are dairy ( lactose | |Contained in mainstream food items |Usually breakfast specific | |Some are portable |Some are not portable | |Brand recognition |Perishable | |Cost per serving varies | | |Aqua-D from the FBG, Inc | | |Designed as a great tasting, low calorie direct replacement for milk |No product history | |Vitamin D and Calcium containing alternative to more popular enhanced |Major competition from Coke and Pepsi Products | |waters e.g. Vitaminwater |Limited marketing budget | |Smaller bottles w/ lower price point (

Christ the Savior Essay

Augustine took birth on 13 November, 354, at Tagaste. He was born in a respectable, middle class family. His father, Patricius who was one of the curiales of the city was still a pagan. However, his wife, Monica was an ardent Christian and her devotion and faith brought her husband too to follow Christianity before he died in 371. It was in a Christian atmosphere that Augustine received his formal education. . It is said that once when he was very ill, he asked to be baptized, but, as he recovered fast he did not want to receive the sacrament then. Augustine’s friendship with â€Å"men of payer† gave him three great ideas which he deeply engraved upon his soul: â€Å"a Divine Providence, the future life with terrible sanctions, and, above all, Christ the Savior. † In Confessions I, he writes: â€Å"From my tenderest infancy, I had in a manner sucked with my mother’s milk that name of my Savior. Thy Son; I kept it in the recesses of my heart; and all that presented itself to me without that Divine nature, though it might be elegant, well written, and even replete with truth, did not altogether carry me away† (Augustine) Augustine was doing well in his school and his father Patricius wished to send him to Carthage to study forensic medicine, but it took Patricius many months to make the necessary arrangements. Augustine, in the meantime had to spend another year at his school at Tagaste in total idleness. It is said, â€Å"an idle mind is the devil’s workshop†, (Proverb) and Augustine plunged himself wholeheartedly to the pleasure of the flesh. Even when he joined Carthage, the many seductions of this great city which was half pagan pulled him towards untoward things. He had a great desire to excel in everything, even evil. Very soon he made his confession to his mother that he had a son outside wedlock. Augustine had a certain dignity about himself even in his fall. By the age of nineteen he had got over his problems and in 373, when he read Cicero’s Hortensius he imbibed a love of the wisdom which Cicero speaks of. He was now heart and soul into philosophy. But this faith underwent a great crisis when he along with his friend Honorataus became prey to the Manichaeans. He was taken up by the promise of free philosophy. They claimed that they had found a scientific explanation to nature and Augustine’s inquiring and probing mind was attracted towards it. Moreover it was alluring as it â€Å"propagated a moral irresponsibility resulting from a doctrine which denied liberty. † Now Augustine devoted himself fully to the sect. He read all their books and it was during this period that he developed his literary faculties. When his student days at Carthage were over, instead of practicing forensic, he returned to Tagaste to teach Grammar. He was an excellent teacher and his students adored him. One of his students, Alypius followed him to the wrong path but later along with him was baptized at Milan. His mother Monica was so upset about him joining the Manichaeans that she would not have him in the house, but a saintly bishop told her, â€Å"the son of so many tears could not perish. † ( Bishop Ambrose) Augustine went back to Carthage where he taught the students rhetoric. He pursued liberal arts and his intellect sharpened and gained full maturity at this time. His first works on aesthetics were completed around this time and it was now that he started deploring Manichaeism. According to him Manichaeism philosophy —– â€Å"They destroy everything and built up nothing. † (Augustine, Confessions) Their arguments he found feeble now and he could find no science in them—â€Å"science in the modern sense. † (Augustine, Confessions) When he met Faustus of Milve, the Manichaen bishop, the spell was broken and he left the sect. He had been with them for nine years. It was in Italy under the influence of Bishop Ambrose, whose kindness made Augustine attend his sermons that he embraced the faith. For three years his mind underwent a struggle. First of all he turned towards the philosophy of Academics, then neo-Platonic philosophy. Finally it was the reading of the Holy Scriptures which told him that Jesus Christ was the true Savior. In 386 Augustine took himself to the country side of Verecundus, where he devoted himself to true philosophy which he considered was all about Christianity. He slowly studied Christian doctrine and became acquainted with it. In his book, ‘Against the Academics’ Augustine had described â€Å"the ideal serenity of this existence, enlivened by a passion for truth. † He held philosophical conferences where they discussed truth, certainty, true happiness and God and soul. In 387, during Easter time, Augustine received the sacrament of Baptism. In the Dialogues he tells us about his conversion, the progress he made in the Faith, his conferences with his friends on the Divinity of Jesus Christ, the transformation of his own soul, the calming of his passions and his decision to choose wisdom as his spouse. Frankly his philosophy is neo-Platonic, but he never hesitates to subordinate his philosophy to religion. He was a Christian first of all, and he tried to find harmony between the two doctrines, but it was the fundamental points of Christianity that he sought. â€Å"First— the great mystery, the word made flesh and then love, resting on the basis of humility. † He sought Divine grace in Christian baptism. Though he and his friends resolved to retire to Africa in solitude, it was his mother Monica who retired to Africa in solitude. Augustine was in Milan writing his works, On Music and On the Immortality of the Soul. In 387, his mother Monica left this world to be with her maker. Confessions IX tell us about Augustine’s grief and her saintly death. In 388 Augustine returned to Tagaste, here he wanted to lead the perfect life, so the first thing he did was to sell all his worldly belongings and give the proceeds to the poor. He then went to his estate and there with his friends lived a life of prayer, and poverty. It is during this time that he wrote De Vera Religione, De Genesi contra Manichaeos and De Magistro. Augustine never thought of entering priesthood, however he was called to Hippo by one of his friend’s who wanted him to pray over him. Augustine was praying in the church when the people gathered round him and begged the bishop of Hippo Valerius to ordain Augustine as a priest. He was ordained in 391. He went back to Tagaste to resume the religious life and there he preached for five years as a priest. He fought against Manichaeaism now and his success was great. Valerius at this time was getting old and he took the permission of Aurelius, Primate of Africa to have Augustine preach with him as coadjutor. Augustine was Bishop of Hippo for thirty four years. Augustine now combined his pastoral duties with the ‘austerities of the religious life’ he lived in a monastery with his clergy and they all bound themselves in poverty. He thus founded the order of monks who had their training with him and then went out and founded monasteries throughout Africa. Augustine was the defender of the truth and so he combated the Manichaean, the Donatists, and the Pelegian Controversies. In 426 the holy Bishop of Hippo, at the age of seventy-two chose deacon Heracles as his successor and departed from this land on 28 August, 430. He was seventy six years old. In Confessions a notable thing about it is Augustine’s confessions about his sexual career. As a young man, he was sexually alive, lived out of wedlock with his mistress and had a son through her. Critically observing, he was not much different from other youngsters but the difference lay in that his sexual exploitations were a source of immense pain to him. This may be the reason why he emphasis on it. He describes his sexual impulses in the negative form. â€Å"Thorns, (2. 3) desire in the mud (2. 2) an open sore (3. 1); he feels he cannot control his sexual feelings until he has help from God. Augustine was not unique in this negative attitude. There were many wealthy young men in Rome who gave away everything they had when they converted to the faith. Confessions represent a literary milestone. According to A. F. West it â€Å"dates the entrance of a new kind of autobiography—the autobiography of introspection, the self registered record of the development of a human soul. † In his Retractions Augustine says of his Confessions, â€Å"The thirteen books of my Confessions whether they refer to my evil or good, praise the just and good God, and stimulate the heart and mind of man to approach unto Him. And, as far as pertaineth unto me, they wrought this in me when they were written, and this they work when they are read. † Augustine clearly meant that Confessions was not a book of his confessions only, but one which the reader should ponder upon and praise the one who is to be praised, the just and good God. He says that his account of his past sin is to draw attention to the love of God: â€Å"I will now call to mind my past foulness, and the carnal corruptions of my soul, not because I love them, but that I may love Thee, O my God. For love of Thy love do I it. † (2. 1. 1) ( Augustine, Confessions) His intention of his book is to focus the reader’s attention on God and not on his life. â€Å"Why, therefore, do I place before Thee so many relations of Things? †¦ that I may awaken my own love and that of my readers towards Thee, that we may all say, â€Å"Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised. † (11. 1. 1) (Augustine, Confessions) This was the purpose of his book. Yet it would be wrong to say that he did not confess and there is no repentance. â€Å"But yet do Thou, my most secret Physician, make clear to me what fruit I may reap by doing it. For the confessions of my past sins, – which Thou has â€Å"forgiven† and â€Å"covered,† that Thou mightest make me happy in thee. † (10. 3. 4) Bonner comments â€Å"The Confessions first and foremost a work of praise, as is made clear by the opening words, taken from Psalm 145: ‘Great art Thou, O Lord, and greatly to be praised: great is Thy power, and infinite is Thy creation. ‘ ‘Confession,’ then, for Augustine, is primarily confession of praise and thanksgiving to God for his mercies. Confession of sin has its place, but in relation to God’s grace and not in its own right. † In conclusion, we can summarize his book by his words: â€Å"For Thou hast formed us for Thyself, and our hearts are restless till they find rest in Thee. † (Augustine, Confessions) He is talking about his spiritual journey when his heart was restless till it found rest in God. Works Cited: Augustine. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Vol. B. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002. 1222. Web link: www. cce/org/a/Augustine/confessions/html